Lesson Plan :: essays papers

Lesson Plan Student Arrangement- The gradation will be present up in core groups for the duration of the lesson. Center one will be set up on the left side of the room. Center two will be set up on the right side of the room. Center common chord will be set up in the middle of the room so both teachers will be close to the center and able to meet what is going on. I. OBJECTIVESCenter One The students will be introduced to measuring cups by correctly stating the relationship between the different cup sizes when asked. The students will also gather up how to follow recipe directions by correctly creating a ladybug cookie and copying the recipe.Center Two The students will be able to sing the ladybug song. The students will learn how the ladybug defends itself by singing the lyrics and creating a group poster.Center ThreeThe students will create their own 3D ladybug with complex body part paper. II. MATERIALSCenter One Measuring cups Water Empty Container Marker B oard Vanilla Wafers Mini Chocolate Chips Red Frosting Thin Black liquorice Green/Red/White Construction Paper Black Marker Scissors gumwoodCenter Two Copies of Im a minuscular Ladybug Song Pencils The Ladybug and other Insects by Celia GodkinCenter Three Instructions for Creating Ladybug Red/Black Construction Paper Scissors Glue III. PROCEDURESA. ANTICIPATORY SETI will tell the class as a whole that today we are going to be doing something different. We will be working in centers and in each center you will have the opportunity to be creative and artistic. I will then divide the class into three groups according to students behaviors and abilities. (Each center will also have an anticipatory set. It will be labeled number one in the teaching/learning set.)B. TEACHING/LEARNING SET*Tia and Fred will be in one group and Sam and Sue will be in another group to insure more teacher attention.*Harry will be wearing a FM monitor connected to the teacher who is instructing him.*Tia and Sue will be in close proximity to teacher to allow for assistance. Center One1. I will start the center by asking the students if they have ever helped their mom make cookies at home. I will then tell the children that they will be making cookies unless we first need to look at the math skills that go into making cookies.

Black Bart :: essays research papers

Black baronet&9On August 3 of 1877, a stage was making its expressive style over the low hills between Point Arenas and Duncans Mills on the Russian River when a lone figure suddenly appeared in the middle of the road. wear a duster and a mask made from a flour sack, the bandit pointed a double- barreled shotgun at the driver and said, " Throw nap the concussion" "Ive labored long and hard for bread,For honor and for riches,But on my corns too long youve tred You fine-haired sons of bitches."When the posse arrived later, all they found was a bill of lading with the above verse painstakingly pen on its back, each line in a different hand.&9Almost a year later, on July 25 of 1878, the PO8 struck again. A stage from Quincy to Oroville slowed to make a difficult turn a long the Feather River, the masked man stepped out of the bushes and asked that the box be thrown down. His soils included $379 in coins, a silver watch, and a diamond ring. Once again, when the posse reached the scene, all they found was a poem" here(predicate) I lay me down to sleepTo wait the coming morrow,Perhaps success, perhaps defeat,And everlasting sorrow.Let come what will Ill try it on,My retainer cant be worse And if theres money in that boxTis munny in my purse"&9Once again the lines were written in varying hands and the work signed "Black Bart, the PO8." In order to make the highways safe once again, Governor William Irwin posted a $ccc reward for the capture of the bandit, to which Wells Fargo & Co. added another $300. Another $20 contributed by the postal authorities. The reward went unclaimed for five years, during which Black Bart obviously robbed at will. Often laying low for several months, Bart would suddenly go on a spree and rob three or quaternion stages in as many weeks, and then vanish without a trace. Black Barts talent for covering great distances on foot in impossibly short times was no doubt a great asset in his life as a highway man.&9In another, and it glum out to be his last, stage robbery McConnell (the stage driver) turned his head to find the muzzle of a double-barreled shotgun looking at him. You see, Bart knew that this stage was carrying gold coins and gold amalgam with it. What Bart didnt know is that in the woods following the stage was a young hunter that had gotten remove a few miles back to do some hunting.

Self-Absorption in Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms Essay -- Hemingway F

Self-Absorption in Hemingways A Farewell to Arms Catherine Barkley and Frederick Henry, the briny characters in Hemingways A Farewell to Arms are two of the most self-absorbed characters I put up ever come across. Frederick Henry thinks further of what he wants while Catherine worries only about what Frederick thinks and wants. They are constantly thinking only about themselves, which is why I believe that it was a good intimacy that the baby was non born alive. They are too absorbed in themselves to think of anyone else. Shortly after meeting Catherine, Frederick attempts to get her into bed. By complimenting her hair, admitting that she had every sort out to slap him, and holding her hand, he uses these words and actions to get a kiss, the first step towards his goal. He does not stop to think that she might still be grieving for her lost boy and so he should take it slowly. Instead, he plunges right into trying to get her into bed without thinking about how she might feel. Wh en he is hurt and in the hospital, he demands that the nurses pay attention to him although they are not ready for an injured soldier. He gets upset because they do not want to do anything without the doctors permission. They were trying to do their job and he just made it more(prenominal) difficult for them. He also did not notice that Catherine was acquire tired from working so much. All he saw was that they got to spend time together and so did not think that she might be wearable herself down. It was only with a lot of convincing that he finally saw that she needed some time off. Catherine did not even realize herself that she was getting worn out down because of how absorbed she was in Frederick. She put his needs and desires before her own and believed that if sh... ...ch other very much, but they did not want to include anyone else in that love. Catherine was more concerned with being a good wife than being a good mother. Frederick just did not seem to think of anything that was not Catherine or himself. They did not think much about the peasant before it was born and said things like She wont come between us, will she? The little brat. no(prenominal) We wont let her. (304). They were too wrapped up in themselves to worry or care about anyone else. If the child had been born alive, it probably would have been neglected or not treated as well as it should be. Arent you proud of your son? No, he nearly killed his mother. (325). The hostility that Frederick shows is evident of how the child would have been treated if it had actually lived. Works CitedHemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms Scribner Paperback Fiction, 1929.

The Automatic Transmission and Decline of Western Morals :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Automatic Transmission and Decline of Western Morals When first struck with this notion, that the automatic transmission has caused the decline of Western morals, I was pumped-up and ready to go. I couldve written the whole thing right then and there, sans research, sans forethought, sans plan. But then, what I thought to be the better angel of my disposition kicked in and said that the responsible thing to do was to do research. Despite my future difficulties, I still think this to be the right course of action. What I wanted for the essay on automatic transmissions was automatic writing. The problems began to set in when it came time to actually do that research. I didnt wanna. Days stretched into weeks. Weeks into more weeks. The bloom was make the rose the research just seemed uniform too much blend-too much work on top of teaching, on top of domestic responsibilities. After umpteen weeks, I realized that it was, in fact the automobile that I was at the time driving th at influenced my attitude and created my lethargy. You see, due to a problem with my wifes car-an automatic-that made it difficult for her to drive, I was using it for my daily commute. After only a single week of driving her automatic-equipped car, I had lost all desire to do anything I, like America, had become shiftless. The trend actually started before Oldsmobile marketed the first automatic in 1940 (Stick Shifts 4A). An ad for the 1939 model Chevrolet promises a Perfected Vacuum Gear-Shift that does 80% of the work of shifting gears, beginning the trend to automobiles that were increasingly easier to operate (General Motors 31). This ad is echoed by rival Plymouth in the alike(p) issue of Time magazine Perfected irrelevant Control Shifting. . . with Auto-Mesh Transmission. Much Easier (Chrysler 1). The implications are clear even before the debauchery we associate with the 1960s, American values were beginning to crack the idea that one should do things for oneself were begi nning to be questioned by Madison Avenue, and, within a decade-and-a-half, by America itself. We dont, of course, associate the late 1930s with licentiousness, but our history-or our memories-deceive us. In the exact same issue of Time magazine that we find the telltale ads described above, we find a short report on the Golden Gate International translation of 1939. What makes this fair,

Buchi Emechetas The Joys of Motherhood and Wole Soyinkas Death and th

Colonial Life in Buchi Emechetas The Joys of Motherhood and Wole Soyinkas final stage and the Kings horseman Homi Bhaba writes that compound mimicry is the impulse for a reformed, recognizable Other, as a subject of a difference that is almost the same, but not quite (86). The colonizer wants and needs the colonized to be similar to himself, but not the same. If the native continues to behave in his traditional ways, he brings no economic gain to the colonizer. But, if the colonized changes too much and is comprise to be exactly the same as the colonizer, the colonizer is left with no argument for his supremacy. As Bhaba puts it, in order to be effective, mimicry must continually say its slippage, its excess, its difference (86). These slippages, excesses, and differences atomic number 18 brought to the modern, colonized homo by the natives in all aspects of their existences, but especially in their beliefs on religion and family. The characters in Wole Soyinkas closing and t he Kings Horseman and Buchi Emechetas The Joys of Motherhood serve as good examples of this ambivalence that colonialism depends on. Native characters living in the colonial world bring their own traditions and beliefs with them which prevent them from of all time richly becoming the same as the clean-living man.Religious beliefs are at the core of what makes up a person. Even when an individual travels from one world to another, much(prenominal) as from traditional life to colonial life, his religion rarely leaves him entirely. Religious beliefs help keep the colonized from fully emulating the colonizer. In Death and the Kings Horseman, the manner of the white Mr. and Mrs. Pilkings in ceremonial death masks elicits a fear in twain the Muslim Amusa and the Christian Joseph, proving ... ... ambivalence by being required to both be a modern, colonial man and to respect his traditional family beliefs.The incomplete mimicry that the characters in The Joys of Motherhood and Death and the Kings Horseman have to face creates some problems for them. They are forced to face conflicting religious beliefs, poverty, and even untimely death because they are not able to leave all their traditions behind them when they consort to the colonial world. The natives traditions, mixed with new ideas from the colonialists world, create a structure of ambivalence that traps the colonized and prevents him from ever becoming the same as the colonizer. Works CitedBhaba, Homi. The Location of Culture.Emecheta, Buchi. The Joys of Motherhood. Oxford Heinemann educational Publishers, 1994.Soyinka, Wole. Death and the Kings Horseman. New York Norton, 2003. Buchi Emechetas The Joys of Motherhood and Wole Soyinkas Death and thColonial Life in Buchi Emechetas The Joys of Motherhood and Wole Soyinkas Death and the Kings Horseman Homi Bhaba writes that colonial mimicry is the desire for a reformed, recognizable Other, as a subject of a difference that is almost the same, but not quite (86). The colonizer wants and needs the colonized to be similar to himself, but not the same. If the native continues to behave in his traditional ways, he brings no economic gain to the colonizer. But, if the colonized changes too much and is found to be exactly the same as the colonizer, the colonizer is left with no argument for his supremacy. As Bhaba puts it, in order to be effective, mimicry must continually produce its slippage, its excess, its difference (86). These slippages, excesses, and differences are brought to the modern, colonized world by the natives in all aspects of their existences, but especially in their beliefs on religion and family. The characters in Wole Soyinkas Death and the Kings Horseman and Buchi Emechetas The Joys of Motherhood serve as good examples of this ambivalence that colonialism depends on. Native characters living in the colonial world bring their own traditions and beliefs with them which prevent them from ever fully becoming t he same as the white man.Religious beliefs are at the core of what makes up a person. Even when an individual travels from one world to another, such as from traditional life to colonial life, his religion rarely leaves him entirely. Religious beliefs help keep the colonized from fully emulating the colonizer. In Death and the Kings Horseman, the appearance of the white Mr. and Mrs. Pilkings in ceremonial death masks elicits a fear in both the Muslim Amusa and the Christian Joseph, proving ... ... ambivalence by being required to both be a modern, colonial man and to respect his traditional family beliefs.The incomplete mimicry that the characters in The Joys of Motherhood and Death and the Kings Horseman have to face creates many problems for them. They are forced to face conflicting religious beliefs, poverty, and even untimely death because they are not able to leave all their traditions behind them when they move to the colonial world. The natives traditions, mixed with new ide as from the colonialists world, create a structure of ambivalence that traps the colonized and prevents him from ever becoming the same as the colonizer. Works CitedBhaba, Homi. The Location of Culture.Emecheta, Buchi. The Joys of Motherhood. Oxford Heinemann Educational Publishers, 1994.Soyinka, Wole. Death and the Kings Horseman. New York Norton, 2003.

Buchi Emechetas The Joys of Motherhood and Wole Soyinkas Death and th

Colonial Life in Buchi Emechetas The Joys of gestation and Wole Soyinkas Death and the Kings Horseman Homi Bhaba writes that compound mimicry is the desire for a reformed, placeable Other, as a subject of a going that is almost the resembling, bargonly not quite (86). The colonizer wants and needs the colonized to be similar to himself, but not the akin. If the native continues to behave in his handed-down ways, he brings no economic gain to the colonizer. But, if the colonized changes too much and is found to be scarcely the same as the colonizer, the colonizer is left with no argument for his supremacy. As Bhaba puts it, in order to be effective, mimicry must continually produce its slippage, its excess, its difference (86). These slippages, excesses, and differences are brought to the modern, colonized world by the natives in all aspects of their existences, but especially in their beliefs on religion and family. The characters in Wole Soyinkas Death and the Kings Horseman and Buchi Emechetas The Joys of Motherhood parcel out as good examples of this ambivalence that colonialism depends on. Native characters living in the colonial world bring their own traditions and beliefs with them which prevent them from ever fully decent the same as the white man.Religious beliefs are at the core of what makes up a person. Even when an individual travels from one world to another, such as from traditional life to colonial life, his religion rarely leaves him entirely. Religious beliefs help keep the colonized from fully emulating the colonizer. In Death and the Kings Horseman, the appearance of the white Mr. and Mrs. Pilkings in observance death masks elicits a fear in both the Muslim Amusa and the Christian Joseph, proving ... ... ambivalence by being required to both be a modern, colonial man and to respect his traditional family beliefs.The incomplete mimicry that the characters in The Joys of Motherhood and Death and the Kings Horseman have to baptistery creates many problems for them. They are coerce to face conflicting religious beliefs, poverty, and even untimely death because they are not able to leave all their traditions behind them when they move to the colonial world. The natives traditions, motley with reinvigorated ideas from the colonialists world, create a structure of ambivalence that traps the colonized and prevents him from ever becoming the same as the colonizer. Works CitedBhaba, Homi. The Location of Culture.Emecheta, Buchi. The Joys of Motherhood. Oxford Heinemann Educational Publishers, 1994.Soyinka, Wole. Death and the Kings Horseman. bare-ass York Norton, 2003. Buchi Emechetas The Joys of Motherhood and Wole Soyinkas Death and thColonial Life in Buchi Emechetas The Joys of Motherhood and Wole Soyinkas Death and the Kings Horseman Homi Bhaba writes that colonial mimicry is the desire for a reformed, recognizable Other, as a subject of a difference that is almost the same, but not quite (86). The colonizer wants and needs the colonized to be similar to himself, but not the same. If the native continues to behave in his traditional ways, he brings no economic gain to the colonizer. But, if the colonized changes too much and is found to be exactly the same as the colonizer, the colonizer is left with no argument for his supremacy. As Bhaba puts it, in order to be effective, mimicry must continually produce its slippage, its excess, its difference (86). These slippages, excesses, and differences are brought to the modern, colonized world by the natives in all aspects of their existences, but especially in their beliefs on religion and family. The characters in Wole Soyinkas Death and the Kings Horseman and Buchi Emechetas The Joys of Motherhood serve as good examples of this ambivalence that colonialism depends on. Native characters living in the colonial world bring their own traditions and beliefs with them which prevent them from ever fully becoming the same as the white man.Religious beliefs are at the core of what makes up a person. Even when an individual travels from one world to another, such as from traditional life to colonial life, his religion rarely leaves him entirely. Religious beliefs help keep the colonized from fully emulating the colonizer. In Death and the Kings Horseman, the appearance of the white Mr. and Mrs. Pilkings in ceremonial death masks elicits a fear in both the Muslim Amusa and the Christian Joseph, proving ... ... ambivalence by being required to both be a modern, colonial man and to respect his traditional family beliefs.The incomplete mimicry that the characters in The Joys of Motherhood and Death and the Kings Horseman have to face creates many problems for them. They are forced to face conflicting religious beliefs, poverty, and even untimely death because they are not able to leave all their traditions behind them when they move to the colonial world. The natives traditions, mixed with new ideas from the colonial ists world, create a structure of ambivalence that traps the colonized and prevents him from ever becoming the same as the colonizer. Works CitedBhaba, Homi. The Location of Culture.Emecheta, Buchi. The Joys of Motherhood. Oxford Heinemann Educational Publishers, 1994.Soyinka, Wole. Death and the Kings Horseman. New York Norton, 2003.

Secret Life of Bees

1. Coming of age A coming of age novel is a novel in which shows the transition of the adorer from childhood to adulthood through a physical, mental, emotional, or spiritual journey. The Secret Life of Bees is a coming of age novel for Lily because she matures and loses her innocence. For example in chapter 2 Lily nocks a mature decision to leave home because she finally realizes that how T. Ray is treating her is vile and un-fatherly. (Kidd 39-43). When Lily comes to the bee farm, she finds that there is goodness in the world.When she finds this goodness she grows up a miniature more and adds more experience to her somewhat small view of the world. 2. Literary Allusions A literary allusion is something in the text that references to something that the audience would recognize. For example the book references Moses delivering paragons people push through of Egypt, and the other uses that allusion to tie together how the bees are the ones that delivered Lily a port T. Ray. Lily says that the bees were sent as a special chivvy for T. Ray. God saying, Let my daughter go, and maybe thats exactly what theyd been, a plague that released me. (Kidd 151).This allusion is tied to the plot because she is referencing the bees to the classic story of Moses, and also dialog about how the bees were her escape from T. Ray. 3. The bees are important to the story because they are the ones who micturate appeared to guide Lily throughout the entire book. In the beginning of the book she traps a hardly a(prenominal) bees in a jar but feels guilty about leaving them in a jar so she cleans the jar to let them free, but the bees scarpert leave right away, it takes them awhile to finally leave (Kidd 27-28). The bees continue to be a motif because they signify how each bee has a purpose, just same(p) each character has a purpose.This is important to Mays death because if one bee leaves the hive things go crazy and so May was the bee that left and this left the entire hi ve in a fury (Kidd 192-214). The bees are also a motif in the title because in the beehive Lily has this big hidden that she continues to keep from e veryone and this is where the title The Secret Life of Bees has most wantly came from. 4. The river is relevant to Lilys coming of age because with this river Lily sees death and this probably re geniuss her of her mothers death. to a fault Lily gets a more clear understanding of death because of the river taking the life of May.The river is also symbolic because the river makes up the stones that make the Wailing Wall and so Lily finds the wo in the wall and finds out about Mays pain and sadness (Kidd 80-83). With this information Lily is able to grow up and figure out more about the world itself outside the beehive. 5. Setting The setting is essential to the story because with the date period initiatory of all if it took place in modern metre Rosaleen wouldnt bear gone to prison, nor would those men have been aloud to beat her up without getting in trouble.Sadly this was a time when people inured black people poorly as if they were still slaves in a sense. Something else that would have been different is T. Ray wouldnt have been able to treat Lily the way he had and this is essential to the plot because if T. Ray hadnt gotten away with being an awful father than Lily probably wouldnt have run away from home. The time period is important to how this story plays out for if it had been a different time period this story wouldnt have happened. 6. 7. 8. Foil In the story it is open-and-shut in short period of time that June is quite different from her older sister August.While June is cold to people and shuts them out, especially Lily, August is calm, caring, motherly, and the queen bee. June is very protective of her self where August is outgoing and lets people in no matter who they may be. For example June wants to essentially throw Lily out on the street because she wants to keep things easy, but August says that Lily needs to stay until she is ready to leave (Kidd 86-87). This is one of many times where August and June clash in personalities and this is quite important because it moves the plot along.Secret Life of BeesDuring the Civil Rights Movement there was a lot of hatred and violence between the black association and the white community all because of skin color. When Whitney Moore Young, Jr. states, Together, blacks and whites throne move our country beyond racism and create for the benefit of all of us an open society, one that assures freedom, justice, and full equality for all, Whitney means that if all the hate is put aside, the community, even the entire country, can overcome anything. racialism can make or break a community or just a simple friendship.In The Secret Life of Bees, a novel by Sue monastic Kidd, worlds collide during the time of prejudice and racism. In the novel, a young girl tries to find herself within a black family, and learns more than she expec ted about herself, indeed she would anywhere else. She sees how even she, herself, has evidence of slight racism in her mind. When racism takes over of a society, it does not just change the mind of one person. It changes the mind of many, causing relationships and friendships between people to falter or grow.Racism can cause a dilemma with relationships between people and cause them to be at a thin line. When Lily and Zach are eating lunch after a day of work, Zach explains his dream job and what he plans to accomplish in the future. When Lily hears about it she cannot believe it. She has a sense of annoyance. Without even knowing it, she is being a bit of a racist when she states, Ive just neer heard of a Negro lawyer, thats all. Youve got to hear of these things before you can imagine them (Kidd 121).Lily does not realize she is putting Zach down by saying the statement above. Zach became defensive and stood up for himself, but amazingly did not hold a grudge. It was more of hi m teaching Lily a lesson that the most famous and intelligent people do not get where they are by being unoriginal and uncreative. They get where they are by imagining what has never been seen before. Right around when Lily and Rosaleen first get there, Lily has a thought that suddenly seems to prove to her that she does have some prejudice in her and she is not as open-minded as she thought.Her thought after meeting August is, Since I want to tell the unhurt truth, which means the worst parts, I thought they could be smart, but not as smart as me, me being white (Kidd 78). Lily suddenly feels homogeneous she has in condition(p) a lesson about herself by meeting August and the Boatwright sisters. Until this point, she has understood racism as an act whites only committed towards color people. Nevertheless, Lily reputes and feels devoted to August, and this respect and devotion begins to grow the relationship between August and Lily into something similar to a daughter-mother rel ationship.This only proves how racism can make or break a relationship, because you can either offend or learn from what you are doing and thinking. Racism does not just go one way and it never will. Everyone as different thoughts and everyone feels differently about certain things. It is a way of life almost. Lily discovers this once she begins living in the Boatwright house when June makes a statement, But shes white, August (Kidd 87). When Lily overhears June make this comment, she becomes hot and thinks how absurd it is to dislike someone for their skin color.What Lily does not seem to realize right away is that it is the same thing when it comes to the discrimination white people have towards color people. This is an interesting moment in the novel because white people do not usually experience this type of discrimination and it confuses Lily at first but later realizes the reason June does not like her is because of the color of her skin and who she is. It only helps prove h ow racism can cause a relationship to never even be close to a relationship.The prejudice that goes around society also influences the way relationships are made and how they grow because society almost influences everything through and how it is done. An example of this is when Zach tells Lily, Lily, I like you better than any girl Ive ever known, but you have to understand, there are people who would kill boys like me for even looking at girls like you (Kidd 135). Zach says this to Lily regarding any potential romantic relationship between them. This comment shows how unfair racism can be and is.Young respect is typically carefree and easy and something you look forward to. However, as young teenagers, Lily and Zach have to think about the prejudices of the rest of the society because how dangerous it can get. Racism is not something that will ever really go away in this country or anywhere else as a matter of fact. It can break apart an entire nation just because of the way peop le think and look at things differently. Even though that is how things already are, when it comes to something so serious like racism though, there is a very thin line that people seem to cross a lot.It all just impacts the society and how it works because of a certain group of people see things a different way then it causes people to feel like what they do can be ill-timed if it is not approved of. People should just respect each other and let everyone be. It can really bring the nation or just a small community together and that moves the generation forward into something so much bigger and stronger. It is how Whitney Moore stated that if we can all learn to move forward as one, it can become an open society, full of all the wonderful things a society should be filled with.

Swot Analysis of the Green Directory

SWOT Analysis Of The Green Directory Strengths The Green Directory (GD) allows unlimited access for all users and no fee is required. The relevant development is available to all visitors. GD recommends and presents only classified, selected and specialised companies Website presentation is clearly structured and designed. gives one-stop service website, as well as the leading green guides inside Australia. aristocratic to find directory GD provides direct links to its partners, sponsors and advertisers. -Wide range of services and products as well as topics has made the website easy for user to find anything relate Green. Weaknesses Unclear information on the support and recommendations by the Australian Government. GD is just facilitator which means that interested visitors comport to contact the listed companies directly. The benefits for advertising are not clearly shown in the website. Online enquiry form is not available Interested visitors in green products and servi ces have to contact the listed companies directly. -Certain information provided in the web page is not up to date. Poor maintenance of the website as there are few missing links found in the website. circumscribed information about local events, fairs and exhibitions. No contact number or hotline number for customer enquiry Opportunities Increase the profile of GD by cooperation with comprehensive and regional publishers (such as Yellow Pages, newspaper, magazine) as well as popular green institutions. -It is a green awareness happening all over the public and its about social responsibility and ethic of environmental friendly. Further enhance the website by placing more latest offers and products photos to attract more users. Send general e-mail to users to keep them updated with the latest information. Provide a hotline number to handle real-time customer call-in enquiry to improve the customer service Provide hardcopy brochure when requested by user so as not only limit the usage to internet users only Threats -People without internet access have not the opportunity to receive the requested information. Unavailable/ inaccurate information to users due to the missing/ outdated contents might cause reputational risk to the GD. Easy to copy by competitor to create new business/ competition. Green products price usually higher than normal product that would cause very heavy(p) investment to the users. Thus there is a challenge in convincing user to purchase without much attractive promotion/ offer. Data security is not clarified and this might affects customer confidence.

Shifting Experiences of Work and Non-Work Life

thrash, Em contrivancement & ships company http//wes. sagepub. com/ Life after Burberry shifting experiences of turn and non- locomote de plasteredor following periphrasis Paul Blyton and blue jean Jenkins sound physical exercise Society 2012 26 26 DOI 10. 1177/0950017011426306 The online version of this expression fundament be tack together at http//wes. sagepub. com/content/26/1/26 Published by http//www. sagepublications. com On behalf of British Sociological Association Additional services and information for Work, Employment & Society can be found at Email Alerts http//wes. sagepub. com/cgi/alertsSubscriptions http//wes. sagepub. com/subscriptions Reprints http//www. sagepub. com/journalsReprints. nav Permissions http//www. sagepub. com/journalsPermissions. nav Citations http//wes. sagepub. com/content/26/1/26. refs. html Version of Record Feb 17, 2012 What is This? Downloaded from wes. sagepub. com at University of toilet on treat 21, 2013 Beyond redundancy articl e Life after Burberry shifting experiences of work and non-work life following redundancy Work, Employment and Society 26(1) 2641 The Author(s) 2012Reprints and permission sagepub. co. uk/journalsPermissions. nav DOI 10. 1177/0950017011426306 wes. sagepub. com Paul Blyton Cardiff University, UK jean Jenkins Cardiff University, UK Abstract This article sheds bare-assed light on neglected areas of recent work-life discussions. Drawing on a hear of a largely womanish custody made sense little by m paralytic re em infinitement, the majority after finding alternative employment in a variety of work particularisetings, the results illustrate dioramas of twain positive and negative spillover from work to non-work life.In addition, the findings add to the growing number of studies that highlight the conditions under which half- clipping running(a) detracts from, rather than contri muchoveres to, successful work-life balance. The conclusion discusses the desire for a more than multi-dimensional approach to work-life fill ins. Keywords underemployed work, positive/negative spillover, redundancy, re-employment, work-life balance Introduction Recent discussion of the relationship mingled with work and non-work life much f it focuse on the notion of work-life balance has tended to give preference to two aspects of that relationship over former(a)s. First, there has been a marked tendency to consider the extend to of work on non-work life to a much greater extent than vice versa. Second, as Corresponding author Jean Jenkins, Cardiff University, Abercon focal point Building, Colum Drive, Cardiff CF10 3EU, Wales, UK. Email emailprotected ac. uk Downloaded from wes. sagepub. com at University of clean on work on 21, 2013 27 Blyton and JenkinsGuest (2002 260) has pointed out, there has been an equal tendency to explore work-life conflict rather than examine possible positive associations within that relationship. For Guest (2002 263), this reflects a widely held view that over the past generation the pressure of work has become a more dominant feature of umteen participations lives, as a result of among other things perceived increases in work demands and a widespread expectation to show commitment by operative prospicient hours (see, for framework, McGovern et al. , 2007 Perlow, 1999).Coupled with the growth in female labour market participation, particularly among women with dependent children, this is seen to increase pressure on non-work activity by reducing the duration and/or energy avail fitted to fulfil outside responsibilities. Where the possibility for positive spillover (Staines, 1980) among work and nonwork life has been examined, this has in the main been undertaken by tender psychologists, gener eithery approaching the issue twain from an individual perspective and with the non-work focus primarily on the family.Examples include studies that switch place a positive association betwixt an individuals jo b ecstasy and their satisfaction with family life (for example, Near et al. , 1987). Less attention has been addressed to more aggregate levels of analysis more typically explored by sociologists, such(prenominal) as the influence of the work base or workplace fraternity on life outside work (for a notable exception, see Grzywacz et al. , 2007, and for earliest sociological accounts, see Horobin, 1957 Tunstall, 1962).Yet, despite the attention given to the potential for positive spillover of individual-level federal agencys, even among psychologists the clear direction of travel has been to examine possible conflictual rather than full relationships between aspects of work and non-work life. In their meta-analysis of 190 studies of associations between work and family, for example, Eby et al. (2005) found almost three times the number of studies focusing on the un prosperous make of one and only(a) sphere on the other, compared to those considering possible favourable effec ts.Even more starkly, of all the studies examining the effects of work on family or vice versa, less than one in five of the studies entertained the possibility of the relationship be characterized by two favourable and unfavourable effects. A recent conduct involving a largely female manufacturing workforce made redundant by factory relocation, most of whom subsequently found alternative employment in a variety of work settings, allows for query of some of the neglected aspects of the relationship between work and life outside work.In several respects the nature of this study in terms of the workplace and its location a large clothing manufacturer, Burberry, in the Rhondda Valleys of South Wales is somewhat distinctive. In former times the plant had been one among a cluster of factories in its topical anesthetic anaestheticity, only if the decline of coal and manufacturing meant that it had become the biggest employer for a relatively isolated community in an economicall y depressed area. Thus, while in operation, the factory exerted a large impact on the non-work lives (both in terms of family and community) of its workforce.Indeed, there was a symbiotic relationship between community and workplace in our case that resonates with Cunnisons (1966) earlier garment factory study. Such windows on the interaction of factory and community are becoming increasingly rare in the context of manufacturing decline in the UK and the changing nature of what a workplace has become. The study provides insight into the journey of a redundant manufacturing workforce into new Downloaded from wes. sagepub. com at University of Bath on March 21, 2013 28 Work, Employment and Society 26(1) mployment in the contemporary labour market. In this, there are clear points of reference to be drawn with Bailey et al. s (2008) study of redundancy at the MG Rover plant at Longbridge, Birmingham, UK, even though that study dealt with respondents from a quite different demographic an d skills base. Manufacturing employment in Britain has typically involved workers employed fulltime and this pattern in like manner prevailed in clothing factories, including our case (see Kersley et al. , 2006 78 also Phizacklea, 1990 66).Factory catch and the paucity of good jobs in the agile topical anestheticity gave workers limited choice and the subsequent employment experience of many of our female respondents (the majority of whom were over 45 eld of age) involved part-time jobs in the service sector. Their responses usefully contribute to discussions (led by Walsh, 2007 Walters, 2005 Warren, 2004, among others) on the extent to which (and conditions under which) part-time working may contribute to (or detract from) a successful work-life balance.It is obvious from the present sample that both part-time employment particularly the lower incomes deriving from that work and the lack of stability in the hours worked, had a significant negative impact on different aspect s of non-work life. What emerges is a picture that highlights the obstacles to positive spillover in part-time, low wage service sector occupations which fail to offer workers stability and credentials in terms of contracts, hours or earnings.To explore these issues, the remainder of the article is divided into five naval divisions. First, the context of the study is outlined the nature of the community and the closure of the factory that was the focus for our enquiry. Second we describe our investigation and our maintained connection with a sample of the workforce made redundant and their trade union representatives. The third and tail sections trace the changing nature of the relationship between workplace and life outside work the shift from a largely positive o a more problematic association as employment experiences altered. man the third section examines the association between Burberry and broader features of workers lives, the fourth explores work and non-work experience s of workers following the Burberry closure. This fourth section explores, among other things, the effects of parttime working and unpredictable work hours on the families and social lives of our respondents.The final, fifth section reflects on the findings and underlines the value of work-life enquiries adopting a more context-sensitive and multi-dimensional approach to the interconnections between work, family and community. The context the locality and the factory This study centres on the experiences of women and men employed by Burberry, until the closure of its manufacturing plant in South Wales in 2007. The Burberry factory examine was located in Treorchy, a former coal-mining town in the Rhondda Valleys.This region saw permanent structural change during the last quarter of the 20th century, referable to the acute decline of coal mining and steel (Williams, 1998 87, 121). Regeneration has been a regional government preliminaryity but the relative geographical isolation of valley towns like Treorchy presents particular challenges for individuals in travelling for work and also for agencies charged with attracting alternative sources of investment (Bryan et al. , 2003).Founded in 1939, the factory changed ownership more than once, with Burberry cosmos a customer throughout its business relationship and taking full ownership in the late Downloaded from wes. sagepub. com at University of Bath on March 21, 2013 29 Blyton and Jenkins 1980s. At its height, the factory employed 1500 employees and though employment levels had contracted to around 300 by 2007, it remained a line employer in the area. As was the case in Cunnisons (1966) study, the community outside the workplace entered the factory gates in the form of amilial ties, friendships and long- realized associations and over time the plant had acquired a strong local identity as an example of the surviving manufacturing sector and a bastion of jobs in the Valleys. The factorys workforce was overwh elmingly female, reflecting the gender profile of the clothing sector generally (Winterton and Taplin, 1997b 10). first-class honours degree levels of recruitment in latter years had resulted in an ageing workforce, with the majority of workers at the factory being 45 years or older.As part of a buyer-driven global value chain (Gereffi, 1994), the British clothing industry has experienced structural change associated with outsourcing and outward processing of production (Jones, 2006 101). fleck Burberry had formerly set itself apart from the trend to off-shoring by focussed differentiation and niche marketing (Winterton and Taplin, 1997a 194) of its high value garments as quintessentially British, in 2006 it joined the ranks of other producers and gave stigmatise of its intention to relocate the Treorchy plants production to China in the interests of cheaper labour costs.The shock of the notice of closure was deeply felt in a community with limited prospects of alternative work a nd within a workplace with a strong social network. In his earlier study of garment workers, Lupton (1963 723) comments that factory life was made tolerable by the sociable aggroupings that evolved within their walls, and that workers attachment to the company sprang very largely from their emotional attachment to the small group of friends rather than any love for work that had little intrinsic value, or for their employer.As well as the loss of these sorts of relationships, the Burberry workers also feared the loss to the local community of a factory which had, over its 70-year history, become emblematic of upright employment and was regarded, as one respondent commented, as a guaranteed job a job for life. Thus, when Burberry made its announcement, the workforce reacted with outrage and disbelief. A fierce campaign attracted considerable media attention, but the plant closed in March 2007 (for a discussion of the closure campaign, see Blyton and Jenkins, 2009).For the majority of our respondents, closure meant the end of their workplace community and the rupture of friendships and associations that had been built up over lifetimes. It also meant entry into a new foundation of job search or enforced retirement in the context of low pay and limited choice. The study Using subject field, interview and observational methods, we throw examined several aspects of the redundancies, and individuals subsequent employment experiences, over a longitudinal research period which had key stages in 2007, 2008 and 2009.The research began in January 2007, and initially concentrated on the workers campaign against closure of the plant. Regular interviews were held with full-time and lay union representatives, and shop-floor staff, and a short survey was issued to employees in February 2007, while the plant was still open. A hike survey of the effects of redundancy was issued in March 2008 (one year after plant closure) and interviews with union representatives have co ntinued up to the present. In addition, the authors attended respective(a) public and trade union meetings and workers reunions occurring since the plant closure. Downloaded from wes. sagepub. om at University of Bath on March 21, 2013 30 Work, Employment and Society 26(1) As the initial 2007 survey seek information specifically on employees response to the union campaign against closure, it has that a limited contribution to make to this articles focus on the effects of redundancy. The 2008 survey and interviews conducted in 2009 provided the main sources of information well-nigh the effects of redundancy. It was in this phase of the research that the focus was on workers employment experiences since redundancy as well as aspects of their previous employment and comparisons were drawn between life before and after Burberry.The 2008 survey was posted to the homes of 191 former shop-floor staff (all the staff we were able to secure home addresses for) and 80 usable replies were re ceived (a response rate of 42%). Reflecting the lower levels of recruitment at the factory in latter years, 70 per cent of the respondents were 45 years or older (74% were married or living with a partner, and 70% had no children living at home). Of the 80 respondents, 71 (89%) were female. The full-time union representative for the largest union in the plant, the GMB,1 estimated the ratio of female to male employment within the factory at 8020.Employment records could not be obtained to verify this estimate but it was a good reflection of the profile of shop-floor union membership, which stood at around 80 per cent density. In January 2009, the 28 respondents to the 2008 survey who had indicated their willingness to participate in ongoing research were contacted and asked to participate in interviews about their experiences since redundancy. Eleven agreed and semistructured interviews took place, focusing on their experiences while employed at the factory and the way their lives ha d changed in the two years since the closure.Interviews took place in respondents own homes and lasted, on average, one hour and 40 minutes. Two interviewees were male, nine were female. Despite the predomination of female respondents in the survey and interviews, male workers at the plant participated in all phases of the research in rough proportion to their representation at the workplace, and work-life issues for both men and women in the study were negatively impacted by low stipendiary, insecure work in the prevailing labour market environment.In terms of its representativeness and relevance for wider social enquiry, it is ack like a shotledged that this study has many distinct features in terms of workplace and location, but it contributes to the building of generalizations (see Gerring, 2004 341, 352) in two areas. First, Burberrys own cost-focused rule for closure highlights the workings of the garment value chain and the fact that low remunerative female workers in a mature economy are like a shot too expensive to manufacture garments even those at the high end of the retail market.Thus, what is examined in this case is a particular instance of the new forms of distinction (Glucksmann, 2009 878) which result from an international division of labour where labour is casualized and recommodified in the service sector of the global north (see Standing, 2009 7078) as manufacturing relocates for cheaper people and more favourable regulatory regimes elsewhere. Second, the respondents experiences of job search contribute to analysis and understanding of the contemporary British labour market and the increasing phenomenon of nvoluntary part-time working, particularly among women (Yerkes and Visser, 2006 253). In this respect, Bailey et al. s (2008) study of job search and re-employment of Longbridge workers is a useful comparator for the present enquiry even though their respondents differed from the Burberry workforce in that 90 per cent were male an d were mainly professional, apt, semi-skilled or technical workers. The Longbridge results indicate that, post-closure Downloaded from wes. sagepub. com at University of Bath on March 21, 2013 31 Blyton and Jenkins igher earning occupations were more likely to travel for work and were consequently much break placed to cope with job loss men were more likely to find alternative full-time jobs redundant workers needed ongoing support and breeding women were more likely to be found in part-time employment in the service sector and those workers moving from manufacturing into public services in education, wellness and social disquiet (as did the majority of the Burberry respondents) account the largest decline in salary, which Bailey and colleagues (2008 54) refer to as a particular indicator of growing labour market polarisation and inequality.In detailing key factors in successful efforts at re-employment, Bailey et al. s findings help to illuminate what was absent from the demog raphic and skills profile of the Burberry respondents and highlight the factors which limited their prospects for re-employment. It is unmixed in the Burberry case that low paying, full-time female manufacturing workers classed as unskilled became low paid, part-time service sector workers out of necessity not choice.The majority of workers could not travel for work due to a depart of factors, among which low earnings, job insecurity and the close intersection between their work and non-work lives were prime considerations. While it was perhaps the very bequest of poor pay and the marginalization of womens work as unskilled at the Burberry plant which presented the greatest challenges for e-employment, the factory had undoubted compensations it offered a working week that had fixed boundaries of time and effort, perceived job security, norms of employment that followed womens life patterns and strong sociable groupings, all of which allowed workers to make positive accommodations between their paid and unpaid working lives. In the contemporary low-skilled labour market outside the plant, most of these compensations were absent and the combined effects of low hourly evaluate of pay and unpredictable part-time hours in their changed employment eroded any positive spillover from work.The following sections examine these factors in greater detail. The changing relationship between work and life outside work Burberry and community integration As the majority of employees and our respondents were female, a key issue in the findings relate to the intersection of paid and unpaid work in the lives of women workers. Working near to home in a close-knit workplace had helped women manage the integration of their work and non-work lives in sundry(a) ways these were explored in interviews at the time of the closure, in unstructured discussions at public events, and in the interviews conducted in 2009.Five factors in particular were most commented on in relation to ways in which the factory was positively interconnected with the lives of the workers in the community. First, frequent reference was made to the advantages of the workplaces proximity to their homes no cumulus fare to pay, on the doorstep. I could leave the house at 25 to eight and be clocking on at a quarter to. We used to finish at 4. 40 and Id be home by 4. 45. I could get on with my ironing before tea. I perfectly hated it the day I started, but it was so convenient youd finish at 4. 0 and be home at five. Downloaded from wes. sagepub. com at University of Bath on March 21, 2013 32 Work, Employment and Society 26(1) This proximity was also helpful in coping with unforeseen domestic emergencies We didnt earn a lot but I had a job where I was near to home. I could cope with all the commitments in my private life, if my mother was taken ill for example. The second most commonly referred-to factor was the reliability of the company as a source of employment, with relatives able to h ave a word with Personnel to secure employment for other family members.Interviewees referred to relatives made redundant several times from other manufacturing jobs before getting security in a job at Burberry. some(prenominal) had several members of their family working at the factory. It was like a family when I started work, my mother worked there, her sister worked there, my fathers sister worked there, my own sister worked there and I had two or three cousins there. Out of the 14 houses in my street, 10 of them had Burberry workers living in them.Such was the prevalence of familial ties throughout the plant that one interviewee commented that her husband always referred to his mother by her first name when inside the factory, saying that there was no point in calling her Mam because there were so many mothers and children on the shop-floor. A number of people met their future spouses at the plant and patterns of life-time work within the factory traditionally facilitated ex it and re-entry into work, following childbearing.The expectation of a job being available resulted in many women giving up work to have families, in the knowledge accurate up to the last years of re-employment at a later date. A third advantage for life outside work was perceived to be the factorys predictable working hours. Almost all staff (over 95%) at Burberry were employed full-time, with the factory operating Monday to Friday, 7. 45 a. m. to 4. 40 p. m.As one respondent commented after the closure, she really mazed the Monday to Friday routine this routine being something else that was seen to compensate for the low wage rates paid at the factory (and a routine absent from many jobs subsequently obtained, as discussed below). Fourth, many references were made to the social aspects of work, with interviewees and survey respondents using terms such as their Burberry family and one big family, where they saw their neighbours every day.Though aspects of the work routines were report as strict, the work atmosphere was clearly punctuated by all the laughs they had, and the everyday chat. Comments on the latter included Officially we were supposed to start at 7. 45 but some of us used to go in 15 minutes early for a chat before we started work. Once youd done your number piecework target you could take a break and go upstairs to the toilets for a chat.As in Luptons study (1963 723), the workers did not idealize the tensions or the work of factory life at the Burberry plant, which was hard and low paid, particularly for the majority of female workers who earned little more than the national minimum wage. Comments about their Burberry family were made alongside derogatory remarks about Downloaded from wes. sagepub. com at University of Bath on March 21, 2013 33 Blyton and Jenkins their former employers. Thus nostalgia for factory life was reserved for memories of events and those friendships and people that had characterized workers experience of employment at the plant.There were also more unionized social activities such as charity fund-raising events, works trips and parties which were clearly valued (and missed) and, in gang with the informal relations between workers, had contributed significantly to the ongoing contact with others in the community. In addition to these four aspects of positive connection between work and non-work life, respondents identified two further, related attributes of their work that had relevance for life outside the factory.First, several commented on the skills they had acquired at Burberry and the positive feelings that this had given them (pride at being a Burberry worker). Examples of reported skills were numerous, including the interviewees who pointed out hand-sewers still working at the plant in 2007, and indicated their level of skill in comments such as we used to upraise the methods (proving a method involved transferring a design from planning into full production, something necessary from time to time with difficult garments, and requiring considerable expertise).several(prenominal) referred to the national awards for excellence win by the factory, to the long hours they had worked beyond their contracts, and being always keen to get the work out. Closely associated with the pride in their skills, a number of respondents reported an acquired status that reflected responsibilities held within the factory which they felt had been undermined by job loss. The quest to maintain social status and social identity has been recognized in studies of redundancy among men, such as former steel workers (Harris, 1987 36).From several ex-Burberry respondents came comments that they were shocked to find themselves treated in the job search process as low skilled or unskilled (as a result of generally lacking certified or accredited qualifications), with their former status within the plant often being replaced by alternative employment in junior-level service sector jobs. wiz in terviewee, for example, who had held supervisory responsibilities at Burberry, commented that her next employer (the retail chain Argos) entrusted her with virtually no office they didnt know me or what Id done.In their study, Bailey et al. (2008 50) comment on the crucial influence of the local labour market for re-employment, together with accredited skills, the need for ongoing training support and help with travelling for work. Our findings lead us to agree that the propensity to travel and retrain for work are key determinants of success in job search, and this former supervisor at Burberry was an example of what occurs when low paid, insecure, unpredictable work makes travel too costly.Though she had taken advantage of short training courses offered by local employment services, she was unable to gain recognition for the skills she had acquired over 40 years of factory working and had been able to obtain only two temporary jobs since factory closure. She described the conseq uent effects on her sense of purpose and identity and the negative physical and emotional effects of being a job-seeker for the first time in her life in her mid-50s, as devastating and the cause of depression.All told, our respondents (even those who said they had grown to enjoy their new employment and were earning more) verbalised regret at the loss of the social factors that have been discussed in this section, which constituted significant compensations for the comparatively low wage rates at the Burberry plant. After closure, the legacy of years of low pay and particularly the marginalization of womens work as unskilled meant that Downloaded from wes. sagepub. com at University of Bath on March 21, 2013 34Work, Employment and Society 26(1) job search was an activity that prioritized the local labour market. Once workers entered new forms of employment, however, they did so without the supporting structure of the social network and sense of identity that (for them) had specif y the experience of being a Burberry worker. The changing relationship between work and life outside work redundancy, re-employment and social isolation The vast majority of the redundant Burberry workers restricted their job search to their own locality.This choice was partly facilitated by the building of a new Wal-Mart Asda store, along with the availability of care work with the local authority. Data from the local Job nerve centre Plus confirmed our finding that the majority of Burberry workers prioritized proximity of alternative employment over other factors such as remaining in similar occupations or moving for alternative manufacturing opportunities elsewhere. The context of low pay made relocation financially unrealistic, even if it had been desired. In 2007 the local jobs market was dominated by part-time hours, relatively low earnings and little perceived security.These criteria fall far short of an incentive to move established house set asides and lose the support net work of family, community and friends. As well as the risk of not finding better or secure employment elsewhere, workers face up the constraints of the housing market and the low property values characteristic of deindustrialized areas, which effectively trap people in regions of high unemployment (McNulty, 1987 42). Relocation was therefore an unrealistic selection for the majority of our respondents, but this did not prevent it being proposed for consideration during the process of job search.One male interviewee recounted his first visit to a local Job Centre Plus, where he was faced with a question he found outrageous Do you know the first thing they Job Centre staff said to me was, Are you alert to move? Can you believe that? Why would I want to move away? I said no, I wouldnt. This reaction was typical of the majority of our respondents. While the plant was still open but under notice of closure, Burberry provided employment consultants to help with job search and vacancie s were posted on the factory notice-board.One interviewee described how she and other workers used to have a laugh about the jobs being advertised hundreds of miles outside Rhondda, many of which were also part-time at minimum wage rates. Several interviewees commented (during the run-up to closure and in later interviews) that they regarded the posting of such jobs as not only ridiculous but also a cynical ploy to misrepresent their situation, feeling that Burberry could claim it was doing all it could to meet its responsibilities to a workplace community that could find alternative work if only it took up the opportunities the company had researched on their behalf.For workers though, not only relocation but the option of daily commuting was constrained by the precise nature of work available. The costs and difficulties of travel for uncertain shifts and short daily hours spread over 24 hours and five or seven days of the week were not likely to be sustainable on a low income. Al l these factors made relocation and travelling for work to different degrees economically impracticable. Downloaded from wes. sagepub. com at University of Bath on March 21, 2013 35 Blyton and Jenkins display board 1.Summary of patterns of work and earnings for former Burberry workers one year after redundancy Respondents Male (n=9) Female (n=71) As % of total respondents 11% 89% Working patterns prior to factory closure, March 2007 No. and proportion employed full-time 9 (100%) 68 (94%) Working patterns following factory closure, March 2008 No. of respondents in paid work 7 46 No. and proportion employed full-time 7 (100%) 19 (41%) No. and proportion in part-time work 0 27 (59%) Proportion of respondents in paid work, 28% 23% eporting an increase in weekly earnings Proportion of respondents in paid work, 71% 56% reporting a fall in weekly earnings All (n=80) 100% 77 (95%) 53 26 (49%) 27 (51%) 24% 59% At the time of our 2008 survey, just over two-thirds of the respondents were in p aid work with the remainder divided roughly equally between those who had retired and those still seeking employment. The majority of those in work were in the same job that they found on leaving Burberry, while 15 respondents had had two or more jobs since their redundancy.The areas of paid work entered by our sample were mainly in the manufacturing, home-care or retail sectors two-thirds of respondents in paid work entered relatively low-skill service sector employment. Table 1 highlights the studys findings on the nature of re-employment patterns. Just over half of the respondents in paid work were employed part-time, on hours ranging from six to 30 per week (and with a mean and mode of 20 hours).Most (88%) of those with part-time jobs reported that their actual hours varied week by week. Those in care work and retail jobs were especially likely to hold part-time contracts with variable hours. The care contracts, for example, typically began as (effectively) zero-hour contracts w ith no hours guaranteed until a training period was completed. After that, just 16 hours per week were commonly guaranteed, though workers could be asked to work as many as 30 hours in a week depending on demand.The same was true of retail work, though attaining a 30-hour week was far less common in that sector. For many, their parttime status (rather than their hourly rate of pay) was the principal reason why their weekly earnings were lower than they had been at Burberry. In several subsequent interviews, respondents commented that making ends meet while working part-time was only made viable by supplementary state benefits and that part-time employment dominated available opportunities rather than being a chosen option.Both from survey responses and interview comments, it was also clear that many were subject to working time patterns that not only varied from week to week but were also highly unpredictable, in terms of both timing and duration. For those on variablehours contract s, their shifts could be schedule during the daytime, evening or weekends, and for many their forthcoming weekly schedule was known only at the latter end of the previous week. In interviews, the majority of respondents commented on the difficulties Downloaded from wes. sagepub. com at University of Bath on March 21, 2013 6 Work, Employment and Society 26(1) created in their home lives by the variability and unpredictability of their new work commitments. One interviewee, for example, employed full-time as a hotel receptionist in 2008 had had her hours cut to 20 per week when interviewed in 2009, and she received just ? 120. 00 gross weekly pay. Though contractually her employer undertook to issue shift patterns and times one month in aver, in practice working patterns were given to her weekly. Shifts ran from 7 a. m to 3 p. m. , 10 a. m. to 6 p. m. , and 3 p. m. o 11 p. m. , and it was quite normal to have to undertake back-to-back shifts finishing at 11 p. m. and starting work a gain at 7 a. m. She commented that the worst thing about the job was the timing and unpredictability of the shift work You cant plan anything. Ive just had to scratch up a dentists appointment because theyve called me in for a shift and I cant make another appointment because I wint know what Im working next week. Without her parents help, this interviewee commented that she could not have coped with caring for her daughter.It was family support that allowed her to achieve any sort of balance, however imperfect, between her paid and unpaid working life and the tax-credit state benefit (effectively acting as a subsidy for a low paying employer) was an essential factor allowing her to afford to travel to work and keep her employment. A further example of the negative impact of unpredictable hours concerned another respondent who now worked for the local authority (via their care work agency) and was a married mother of two children.Her employment was typical of work in this sector i n that it began (in 2007) as a zero-hour contract, with actual hours of work determined wholly by demand. She received notice of her hours each weekend, for the following week. Her shifts were normally based on notional patterns of 8 a. m. to 10. 30 a. m. and 4. 30 p. m. to 6 p. m. over a seven-day period, but she never knew exactly how many hours she would be given (or which days she would work) for the week ahead. As a new employee, in common with all new recruits, she was classed as casual and therefore had no guaranteed hours of work.The interviewee explained that this meant that she sometimes had four hours work for a week, but that this could just as likely be twenty or thirty, depending on what her supervisor assigned. Permanent status was necessary to attain guaranteed minimum income equivalent to 16 hours work per week. As a casual, she said that planning her income or any sort of family event was impossible even knowing her hours one week in advance did not help as they ca n call you, phone you, any time and ask you to come in.And as a worker shining of allocation to a permanent team and reliant on the support of her line manager, this interviewee did not feel she had the scope to refuse any such request. In January 2010, she had still not been upgraded from casual status and could depend on just three hours work a week. Unpredictable work patterns were not the sole conserves of women workers. Men were more likely to obtain full-time work but, anecdotally, were more prone to lay-off or seasonally influenced working patterns.One of our male respondents found a seasonal, 40-hour a week job marginally above the national minimum wage rate after several months of unemployment. With no security of contract or predictability of hours, he worked entirely according to the employers demand. In the summer he could work as many as 65 hours a week, reducing to 20 at other periods, and was laid off altogether in Downloaded from wes. sagepub. com at University of Bath on March 21, 2013 37 Blyton and Jenkins the coldest months.Hours of work were notified one week in advance, but were frequently subject to change on the day. He regarded placing his time completely at the employers disposal as essential to keep his employment. This interviewee had a history of 30 years of regular employment at Burberry and commented that his new working life was a source of anxiety for the future. Jobs with such variable and unpredictable hours have become common in sectors such as retailing (Backett-Milburn et al. , 2008 Henly et al. 2006 Lambert, 2008 Zeytinoglu et al. , 2004) and care (Henninger and Papouschek, 2008 Rubery et al. , 2005). It is also clear that further variability occurs in real time as employees are requested at short notice to stay on, or leave early, to reflect particular work circumstances. For management, this access to variable hours offers a means of deploying labour to shadow fluctuations both in demand and available staff but for the people we were interviewing, this variability and unpredictability had many drawbacks.In particular these disadvantages included a general uncertainty over their work schedule, making it difficult to plan activities outside work for some, increased problems of organizing childcare and maintaining a consistent care governance a disruption to domestic routines such as meal times and a lack of stable income as earnings fluctuated with actual hours worked. In the 2008 survey, questions were also asked about changes in other areas of respondents non-work lives since the factory closure. Responses to a question about socializing and friendships since the closure showed a marked deterioration.Almost three in five (58%) indicated that this aspect of their life had got worse, compared to 30 per cent saying it had stayed the same and a minority reporting an improvement. In subsequent interviews, several commented that they saw friends and neighbours much less now that Burberry had closed an d female interviewees remained emotional about their changed situation even two years after the closure I miss the company I can pick the phone up and speak to people, but its not the same. Now, I have no social life. There are no friends passing(a) here nd although people say they will keep in touch, they dont. A similar picture was evident in relation to community involvement. Over two in five of the survey respondents reported a decline in their community involvement since the factory closure, compared to approximately one in seven who reported an increase (the remainder reporting no change). Both in comments on the survey and in interview comments, several references were made to having less money for going out, compared to former full-time earnings at Burberry.This was especially the case for part-time workers. Those working part-time were more likely (compared to their counterparts in full-time jobs) to indicate that both their level of friendships and community involvement had deteriorated in the time since the factory closure. From comments in interviews, it was evident that reduced involvement with friends and the community were issues related to the break up of the workplace community (which had acted as a conduit to wider community involvement), lack of income and the consequence of more fragmented work patterns.Downloaded from wes. sagepub. com at University of Bath on March 21, 2013 38 Work, Employment and Society 26(1) Conclusion While other responses made by the former Burberry workers indicated that the clothing factory was far from an ideal place to work, the factory nevertheless engendered a strong sense of workplace community which in turn extended to various aspects of workers non-work lives. As a consequence, the workplace had a number of positive spillover effects into the non-work lives of its workforce.The frequency of interpersonal contact, access to employment for family members, the sense of pride, skill and status that the work ge nerated and the proximity of work to home all were seen to create a beneficial effect on the workers lives more generally. The way that, for many, these factors later diminished, further underlines what the workers had gained from working at Burberry. Subsequent work, much of it part-time and/or with irregular and unpredictable hours, undermined the stability of contact, interaction and social life that had prevailed hitherto.Widespread reductions in earnings exacerbated this situation with less disposable income to spend on a social life. These insights into work to non-work spillover contribute to the work-life debate in two ways. First, they underline the limitations of couching the discussion, as has been common, in terms of the negative impact of work on non-work life. It was clear among this group of workers that their former work experience at Burberry had generated various positive spillover effects, these only diminishing as they moved to other employment after the factory closed.Second, as was discussed at the head of the article, any attention that has been given to positive spillover from work to home has focused largely on the influence of individual work-related variables such as job satisfaction. Aspects of these individual-level factors were certainly present among the ex-Burberry workers a sense, for example, that the status acquired through responsibilities in the factory also had meaning in the non-work community.Importantly, what the present study underlines are more group level, sociological factors positively affecting areas of non-work life the importance, for example, of interaction among the workforce, reinforced by chat, gossip and having a laugh. Further, the way the factory represented a source of family, rather than solely individual, employment and the proximate location of the factory in the Treorchy community further reinforced a sense of community both inside and outside the factory.The studys findings also contribute to the di scussion on the extent to which parttime working can contribute to work-life balance or, put differently, the way part-time work reflects a preference for a particular balance of time between work and non-work (Hakim, 2000). Several authors (for example, Walsh, 2007 Walters, 2005 Warren, 2004) have already pointed to the shortcomings of using part-time work as an indicator of a preference and a strategy for achieving work-life balance noting in particular that this fails to take into account the heterogeneity of part-time work and that, for ome, working part-time is not a means to achieve work-life balance but rather a source of low pay and poor-quality jobs. The present study further underlines the need for a more differentiated view of part-time working. In our sample, while many working part-time in principle had more time available for non-work activities even when taking longer travelling times into account this did not translate into more time for friends or community activ ity. On the contrary, part-time working was associated with work-life Downloaded from wes. sagepub. com at University of Bath on March 21, 2013 9 Blyton and Jenkins impoverishment for this group more than work-life balance. For most of those on part-time contracts who had been used to working full-time, part-time work was an undesirable consequence of the kind of paid work available within the local labour market. The lower earnings that the part-time jobs generated and the variability and unpredictability of many working patterns detracted from, rather than contributed to, the quality of workers non-work lives. Overall, these findings signal the value of a nuanced approach in discussions around work-life balance.In focusing on the associations of work to non-work life, this article has identified the ways in which associations may be positive or negative and has indicated that the nature of those associations may vary over time and from one context to another. As a result of tracin g the subsequent employment experiences of the former garment workers in this study, it became clear that there is a continuing need for wider recognition not only of the heterogeneous nature of part-time work, but also the reasons why people are working part-time and the degree to which it is a voluntary, employeedriven choice.It was also clear that variable and unpredictable work patterns may exert a significant deleterious influence on the ability of workers successfully to organize and fully enjoy their lives outside work. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge and thank the union representatives and former Burberry employees who participated in this research. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editor and three anonymous referees for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of this article. Note 1 The GMB describes itself as Britains general union.It currently represents over 600,000 workers across a range of sectors, and the National Union of Tailor and Garment Workers was merged with it in 1991. References Backett-Milburn K, Airey L, McKie L and Hogg G (2008) Family comes first or open all hours? How low paid women working in food retailing manage webs of obligation at home and work. The Sociological Review 56(3) 47496. Bailey D, Chapain C, Mahdon M and Fauth R (2008) Life after Longbridge terce Years on. Pathways to Re-Employment in a Restructuring Economy, Report for the Work Foundation and Birmingham Business School.Birmingham Birmingham Business School. Blyton P and Jenkins J (2009) The end of the campaign. Paper presented at the Annual group discussion of the British Universities industrial Relations Association, Cardiff, 2009. Bryan J, Jones C, Munday M and Roberts A (2003) Manufacturing and Trade in Wales Briefing Paper for the Welsh Affairs Committee, Working Paper Series No. 13, The Centre for Business Relationships, Accountability, Sustainability and Society (BRASS), Cardiff University, Cardiff. Cunnison S (1 966) Wages and Work Allocation A Study of Social Relations in a Garment Workshop.London Tavistock. Eby LT, Casper WJ, Lockwood A, Bordeaux C and Brinley A (2005) Work and family research in IO/OB content analysis and review of the literature (19802002). Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(1) 12497. Downloaded from wes. sagepub. com at University of Bath on March 21, 2013 40 Work, Employment and Society 26(1) Gereffi G (1994) The organization of buyer-driven global commodity chains how U. S. retailers shape overseas production networks. In Gereffi G and Korzeniewicz M (eds) commodity Chains and Global Capitalism. Westport, CT Praeger, 95122.Gerring J (2004) What is a case study and what is it good for? American Political Science Review 98(2) 34154. Glucksmann M (2009) Formations, connections and divisions of labour. Sociology 43(5) 87895. Grzywacz JG, Carlson DS, Kacmar KM and Wayne JH (2007) A multi-level perspective on the synergies between work and family. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 80(4) 55974. Guest DE (2002) Perspectives on the study of work-life balance. Social Science discipline 41(2) 25579. Hakim C (2000) Work-Lifestyle Choices in the 21st Century Preference Theory.Oxford Oxford University Press. Harris CC (1987) Redundancy and class analysis. In Lee RM (ed. ) Redundancy, Layoffs and Plant Closures Their Character, Causes and Consequences. Beckenham Croom Helm, 2439. Henly JR, Shaefer HL and Waxman E (2006) Nonstandard work schedules employer- and employee-driven tractability in retail jobs. Social Service Review 80(4) 60934. Henninger A and Papouschek U (2008) Occupation matters blurring workforce boundaries in mobile care and the media industry. In Warhurst C et al. (eds) Work Less, Live More?Critical Analysis of the Work-Life Boundary. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan, 15372. Horobin GW (1957) Community and occupation in the Hull fishing industry. British Journal of Sociology 8(4) 34356. Jones RM (2006) The primp Industr y, 2nd Edition. Oxford Blackwell. Kersley B, Alpin C, Forth J, Bryson A, Bewley H, Dix G and Oxenbridge S (2006) Inside the Workplace Findings from the 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey. Abingdon Routledge. Lambert S (2008) Passing the buck labor flexibility practices that transfer risk onto hourly workers. Human Relations 61(9) 120327.Lupton T (1963) On the Shop-Floor Two Studies of Workshop Organisation and Output. Oxford Pergamon Press. McGovern P, Hill S, Mills C and White M (2007) Market, Class and Employment. Oxford Oxford University Press. McNulty D (1987) Local dimensions of closure. In Dickson T and Judge D (eds) The Politics of industrial Closure. Basingstoke Macmillan, 3569. Near JP, Rice RW and Hunt RG (1987) Job satisfaction and life satisfaction a profile analysis. Social Indicators Research 19(4) 383401. Perlow LA (1999) The time famine toward a sociology of work time. Administrative Science Quarterly 44(1) 5781.Phizacklea A (1990) Unpacking the Fashion Indus try Gender, Racism and Class in Production. London Routledge. Rubery J, Ward K, Grimshaw D and Beynon H (2005) Working time, industrial relations and the employment relationship. era and Society 14(1) 89111. Staines GL (1980) Spillover versus compensation a review of the literature on the relationship between work and nonwork. Human Relations 33(2) 11129. Standing G (2009) Work After Globalization Building Occupational Citizenship. Cheltenham Edward Elgar. Tunstall J (1962) The Fishermen. London MacGibbon and Kee.Walsh J (2007) Experiencing part-time work temporal tensions, social relations and the workfamily interface. British Journal of Industrial Relations 45(1) 15577. Downloaded from wes. sagepub. com at University of Bath on March 21, 2013 41 Blyton and Jenkins Walters S (2005) Making the best of a bad job? Female part-timers orientations and attitudes to work. Gender, Work and Organization 12(3) 193216. Warren T (2004) Working part-time achieving a successful work-life balanc e? The British Journal of Sociology 55(1) 99122. Williams LJ (1998) Digest of Welsh Historical Statistics 19741996.London HMSO. Winterton J and Taplin IM (1997a) Making sense of strategies for survival clothing in high wage economies. In Taplin IM and Winterton J (eds) Rethinking Global Production A Comparative Analysis of Restructuring in the Clothing Industry. Aldershot Ashgate, 18998. Winterton J and Taplin IM (1997b) Restructuring clothing. In Taplin IM and Winterton J (eds), Rethinking Global Production A Comparative Analysis of Restructuring in the Clothing Industry. Aldershot Ashgate, 117. Yerkes M and Visser J (2006) Womens preferences or delineated policies?The development of part-time work in the Netherlands, Germany and the United Kingdom. In Boulin J-Y et al. (eds) Decent Working Time New Trends, New Issues. Geneva international Labour Office, 23561. Zeytinoglu IU, Lillevik W, Seaton IMB and Moruz J (2004) Part-time and casual work in retail trade stress and other fact ors affecting the workplace. Relations Industrielles 59(3) 51643. Paul Blyton is Professor of Industrial Relations and Industrial Sociology at Cardiff Business School and Research Associate in the ESRC Centre for Business Relationships, Accountability, Sustainability and Society (BRASS) at Cardiff University.His research interests include employee responses to organisational change, working time and work-life balance. Recent publications include The Sage Handbook of Industrial Relations, co-edited with Nicolas Bacon, Jack Fiorito and Edmund Heery (Sage, 2008) Ways of Living Work, Community and Lifestyle Choice, co-edited with Betsy Blunsdon, Ken Reed and Ali Dastmalchian (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) Reassessing the Employment Relationship, co-edited with Edmund Heery and Peter Turnbull (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011) and Researching Sustainability, co-edited with Alex Franklin (Earthscan, 2011).Jean Jenkins is a lecturer in HRM at Cardiff Business School. Her research interests include lab our conditions and unionization in the global garment sector, working time and union-management partnership. Recent publications include Work Key Concepts, with Paul Blyton (Sage, 2007). Date submitted January 2010 Date accepted November 2010 Downloaded from wes. sagepub. com at University of Bath on March 21, 2013

Market Analysis for the E-Guitar Market

Market Analysis and Low-Price-Segments The global market for music instruments covers about $16,8 billion. As there are no steady-going sources on worldwide sales data for guitars, the U. S. market shall be examined exemplarily. Table 1 shows the development of units sold, retails, and the average sets over the last ten years. It cigaret be observed that there is a growth of nearly 275% in units sold, and about 160% in retail, whereat the average price decreased by 57%. tally to this there is a strong determination for low price products. Year Units Sold Retail Average Price 2010 2,991,260 $1,151,290,000 $372 009 3,302,670 $1,158,592,050 $350 2008 3,201,220 $1,022,861,000 $309 2007 2,341,551 $903,261,000 $386 2006 1,942,625 $921,057,000 $529 2005 1,742,498 $922,280,000 $529 2004 1,648,595 $923,522,000 $560 2003 1,337,347 $762,185,000 $569 2002 1,153,915 $694,883,000 $579 2001 1,090,329 $710,769,000 $652 In table 2 this tendency appears very obviously. In the low price segment, that is prices below $ cholecalciferol, are about two third of the whole market volume. Comparing acoustic and electric guitars it can be observed that there is a stronger request for high prize electrics than acoustics. UnitsSold UnitsSold Type Acoustics Electrics Under $100 390,028 256,354 $101 to $200 410,030 561,537 $201 to $350 110,008 195,317 $351 to $500 40,003 97,659 $501 to $1,000 40,003 61,037 $1,001 to $1,500 10,001 24,415 Over $1,5o1 20,001 36,621 Total 1,490,260 1,501,000 Also it turns out that high quality guitars as Gibsons or Paul Reed Smiths, which are presented in this paper, are prestige goods with an inverse price-demand relationship. That is higher prices are associated with higher quality.Gibsons former attempt to join the low price segment in order to make do with rivals such as Yamaha and Ibanez, which are both producers of cheap guitars, did not turn out to be successful as it did not match with their century-old tradition of creating investment-quality in struments that portray the highest standards of imaginative institution and masterful craftsmanship (Kotler et al. 2010, p. 327). The strategy of focusing on the high quality segment, at a time when most guitar manufacturers entered the low price segment, has proven very successful. Gibsons chief executive noted We had an inverse price-demand relationship.The more we charged, the more product we sold. Kotler et al. 2010 (Principles of Marketing, Thirteenth Edition, Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, Pearson Education Inc. , Upper Saddle River, naked as a jaybird Jersey, 2010) In case of prestige goods, the demand curve sometimes slopes upward. Consumers think that higher prices mean more quality. For example, Gibson Guitar Corporation once toyed with the idea of lowering its prices to fight more effectively with rivals such as Yamaha and Ibanez that make cheaper guitars. To its surprise, Gibson found that its instruments didnt sell as well at lower prices. We had an inverse price-d emand relationship, noted Gibsons chief executive. The more we charged, the more product we sold. At a time when other guitar manufacturers have chosen to build their instruments more quickly, cheaply, and in greater numbers, Gibson pipe down promises guitars that are made one-at-a-time, by hand. No shortcuts. No substitutes. It turns out that low prices simply arent consistent with Gibsons century-old tradition of creating investment-quality instruments that represent the highest standards of imaginative design and masterful craftsmanship. Bild Body

Show how you respond to Austen’s presentation of balls and other social events in Emma

It may be possible to do without dancing entirely. Instances have been known of young people passing many, many months successively without be at any ball of any description, and no material injury accrue either to body or mind but when a commencement ceremony is made when the felicities of rapid motion have once been, though slightly felt it must be a very heavy set that does not ask for more.Using the quotation mark as a starting point show how you respond to Austens presentation of balls and otherwise social events in Emma.The above quotation put in simple terms connotes socializing to not be essential for survival yet once experienced, addictions can be produced. This is implied within Jane Austens Emma as hinted by social events presentation and their significance. Suggestions of such views display human development by the mistakes made within society to encourage moral growth and wisdom. The central focus upon balls and social pursuits indicates the triviality of the up per classes. Austens satirical tone throughout the novel exemplifies the hierarchy of the eighteenth nineteenth century, while ridiculing their concerns. The author has illustrated a set ahead emphasis by concentrating particularly on Emmas development and need for social awareness as progressed through the various social affairs.The Westons Christmas party acts as an front occasion for the referees to establish a hierarchy, as rise as Emmas importance within the Highbury society. The Woodhouses are treated to be at the centre of attention as illustrated by the great fuss created for poor Mr. Woodhouse due to the falling of snow. By making such characters much pleased with them, they begin to believe they are and incur much more superior. This permits Emma in her match making schemes of ultimately feeling a strong love interest among Mr. Elton and Harriet Smith. Emmas trustfulness is quilted by the recourse of her fathers smothering and her lack of awareness. This meddling le ads to devastating consequences, which may be seen through the contrasting behaviour contained in private and public atmospheres.A faade of etiquette is created publically to portray perfectionism of characters friendly decorum. Mr. Weston kindly criticizes Emma while she well-behavedly listened and coolly replies. Emma needs to preserve her heavy manners in a situation like this as not cause any damage to her military position. Conversely, when Emma and Mr. Elton are alone in the carriage, returning home, the change in conduct insights readers to the line up colours of the character concerned. Previously, Mr. Elton seemed so anxious for Emma, demonstrating agitating behaviour, explaining the true exposition of Mr. Eltons pretence of being in love with her. His obnoxious behaviour screened to Emma and the readers reflects his snobbery, as he believes everybody has their level, as well as degrading his respect. The significance of this event adds to the background of future even ts and creates a build up.Emma looks forward to a night of being admired at the Coles dinner party but clear differing levels of accomplishment with the superior Jane Fairfax prevent this, as well as distinguishing a sense of competition between the two characters. iodine major accomplishment, the art of piano playing, may be regarded as a form of battle ground among Emma and Jane. Janes advancement clearly initiates much threat for Emma as her attentions are overtaken. Nevertheless due to social expectations of the established times, Emma is required to be friendly towards poorer, low class woman such as Miss Fairfax. This allows others to publicly view Emmas character to be of a good image. The use of falseness and pretences supports the idea of conformist public behaviour through superficial mannerisms of always rejoiced. Ironically, the narrative reveals much deeper thoughts of Emma privately whilst creating comedy though the anticipation of her reactions which she never cou ld attempt to conceal. However her opinion of Jane is not openly expressed but artfully gossiped with Frank who joins in, yet continuously is glancing towards Miss Fairfax. The divisions of social classing prevent Frank from freely associating himself with Jane who he is secretly engaged with. This becomes evident alongside the social gatherings, suggesting secrets codes of abide by to carry out, by enforcing heavy use of faades in friendships among Emma, Frank and Jane.False pretences are deepened within the society of Highbury as immediately reflected through Emma holding a dinner party for Mrs. Elton, a woman she can not stand. During this gathering much commotion is taken up by party guests, predominantly by Mr. Knightely, slightly Janes venture. Austen can be seen to be ridiculing society as characters take much interest upon a minority issue of visiting the post office. Jane shows a little blush of running such risks while reserving her manners regardless to the invasion of her privacy. Consequently the time period within the novel compels Janes consistence and Mr. Knightleys address to be purely based upon concern for her health. Adoptions of significance still withstands similar to the previous events, and allow development of future plots such as the suspicion form upon Miss. Fairfaxs behaviour.The great Crown Inn Ball had been postponed several times creating much enthusiasm and excitement for the people of Highbury. This is an indication of the emptiness of their lives. Being the first formal social gathering due to Mrs. Eltons arrival, social codes would advocate her to have central focus. This angers Emma as her taste was not the only taste which was to be depended upon. Nevertheless Emma masks her true judgement by appearing to appeal to all those slightly her.Dancing was seen as a metaphor of courtship as Emma encounters this flirtation between her and her mate Frank, others may view them as having a more intimate relationship. Mr. Knight ley breaks this code as he takes pity on Harriet to dance, after being embarrassed by Mr. Elton. It is suggestive to surrounding party members of a love connection between Harriet and Mr. Knightley. This is highly contradictory as it was not expectant of someone with Knightleys class and status to degrade down to Miss Smiths level. On the contrary, readers are at an advantage of having an insight upon the text as they know Mr. Knightleys behaviour is due to his chivalrous good natured attitude which compels him to be considerate of everyone around him. This comedic approach stimulates Austen to simultaneously mock and uphold social codes. The interaction between Knightley and Harriet reveals that broken social codes lead to funny house and confusion, as displayed further in the text by Emmas confusion and terror over Harriet having feelings for Mr. Knightley.The faade of etiquette breaks down vigorously at Box hill, partially as Emma now expresses her thoughts while forgetting her manners. The scene has been set in a very elegant atmosphere in favour of a pleasant party with a burst of admiration. All characters engage in a game for amusement and Emma faces a sudden outbreak which she could not resist towards Miss Bates. The oversight of her politeness and mock ceremony of her manners prevent immediate meaning being obtained. Only until Knightleys remonstrance does Emma realise the impact of her appalling behaviour being in the need of amendment. The idea of Emma acting in such a way in public creates a barrier for her not to be able to unwrap her actions, whereas if she spoke in private to say Harriet she could have easily justifyed herself.Whether Emma change was based upon her becoming more self aware or the fact she discompose Mr Knightley is open to personal judgement. It could be portrayed that the series of progressively emotional social events lead Emma to realise much more about herself and those around her. By learning from her mistakes she was abl e to mature and become more purely and truly accepted as a superior of society. Controversially, Emma begins to realise she has feelings for my meaning Emmas Mr. Knightley and therefore cannot go about upsetting him as this tarnishes his vision of her. Her change therefore would be due to selfish terms. In regard of all this, Emma does change herself and correct her faults. The destruction of polite faade works as an incentive to compel Emma in re-evaluating her misconduct and to reform.The consecutive chapter illustrates Emmas embracement of self realisation, after the eventful picnic, as Mr. Knightleys disapproval deeply hurts her. Her confidence had told her so that she had often been remiss. After the Box Hill incident, Emma did not want others to consider her without a heart and so unfeeling towards her father. Emmas completely misspent morning compel her to recollect herself and no longer interfere. By directly paying a visit to Miss. Bates, she begins the journey of self corr ection. This is further illustrated as Emma talks about Jane with echt feeling and interest in spite of Janes abrupt and extra reserved behaviour. Emma learns, with the help of Mr. Knightleys finger pointing, that she needs to concentrate on her own thoughts and actions rather than those around her.The limited use of action throughout the novel constructs social occasions to be at the focal point of the plot. Consistently, this reflects the artificialities of Austens world which she wanted the reader to hen-peck up upon. By exposing societys hypocrisy, due to the show of gestures, the satire acts a comedic tool for readers. Even though Emmas faults are chiefly stressed upon the story reveals faults in other characterisations such as Mrs. Elton, Frank and Mr. Woodhouse.I feel the idea of concentrating heavily on, what would be considered by the modern reader, small concerns Austen specifies the consequences of falling out of traditional practice. The collocation of such problematic proceedings, ending with a minute ounce of happiness for Emma, makes the novel unique and intensifies the effect. Nevertheless the moral message overrides such views to allow the reader to learn from the mistakes of characters and the importance of maintaining a balance. This allows progression of readers to improve themselves and become more self-aware also. Finally, the use of misconception and confusion adds to the ironic use of satire to amuse spectators.