Capitalism and the American Dream

SOCI 2013 17 April 2013 How Capitalism Affects the American Dream Capitalism is defined as â€Å"an economic system in which the ownership of the means of production- like land, factories, large sums of money, and machines – is in private hands† (SOC 10). Social Philosopher Karl Marx strongly believed that in the end, capitalism simply wouldn’t work for several different reasons. His idea became known as Marxian conflict theory. While the functionalist theory examines groups’ order and cohesion, the conflict theory examines ways groups disagree and struggle for power.Marx predicted that capitalism would cause continuous tension between the haves and the have -not’s; the have-not’s mostly being the minorities and the poor. He believed that capitalist societies would be reduced to two social classes; the capitalist class (the bourgeoisie or the rich) and the working class (the proletariat or the poor), and that this division would eventually ca use some sort of social upheaval. Generation Y is in trouble with the years to come seeing as it is against the odds that one will becomes part of the small percentage of people that are the capitalists.If our economic system remains the same, the generations to come will become nothing more than workers for the bourgeoisie. Karl Marx gave five reasons in particular as to why capitalism will fail. It will result in monopolies, inflation, unemployment, lack of income, and the wealthy ultimately ruling the world and making the rules. This all will result in reduced quality goods, poverty, poor legislation, and people not being able to afford the necessities of life.The first reason Marx gave as to why capitalism won’t work is that in a capitalist economy, monopolies are unavoidable. A monopoly is when one supplier of a particular commodity is the only supplier. Monopolies eliminate competition. This gives the supplier the power to charge high prices and reduce the quality of th e products because the consumers don’t have any other choices. An example of this would be cable TV verses things like Dish TV, the iPad, and Netflix. Not as many people want to pay for cable when it is much easier and cheaper to view television shows and movies n other ways. The same concept is happening to land line phones. Gasoline companies are obvious example of monopolies, in which the easiest mode of transportation is a motor vehicle. In this case, people eventually will have no choice but to purchase gasoline. OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) now controls 46% of all the oil produced in the world, making it a huge global monopoly. Paying high prices for lower quality products will only cause more and more problems for future generations.The second reason Marx gave was that because there is no centralized planning in capitalism, meaning that over-production of products is inevitable, and in turn, causes inflation and depressions. Over production is when too many goods are produced and supply outdoes demand. Companies are left with stocks they cannot sell and are forced to shut down as a result. Another reason capitalism doesn’t work is that unemployment levels are raised. Demands for labor saving machinery force employers to let people go.The worldwide unemployment rate is 6% while the United States, a capitalistic economy, has an unemployment rate of about 8%. According to Marx, unemployment is unavoidable in our economic system. Unemployment also plays into the fourth reason Marx gave, which is that employers will try to maximize their profits by reducing labor expenses and firing people, thus creating a situation where the unemployed don’t have enough income to buy the goods produced, creating the contradiction of causing profits to fall, which starts the cycle all over again.The fifth, and perhaps the most startling reason Marx gave, is that the control of the state will be by the wealthy, the effect of wh ich is laws benefiting themselves. The wealthiest 1% of people in the United States control 42% of the wealth in our country. Many of these super rich are the ones that own the monopolies like the oil suppliers or are politicians that make laws that are ultimately in their favor. Even if a person in the generations to come were to work hard and have a good paying, stable job, it is still very unlikely that they will be one of he super rich, allowing them to be safe from the current and/or potential economic depressions. Thus, it is safe to conclude that Marx was correct in his predictions that a capitalistic country will eventually fail. Works Cited Amadeo, Kimberly. â€Å"Monopoly. † About. com. N. p.. Web. 15 Apr 2013. . Benokraitis, Nijole. SOC. 2nd Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2012. 9,10,14,151,152. Print. Kopicatsu, . â€Å"Karl Marx: Why Capitalism Will Fail. † The Escapist. N. p. , 16 Sept 2011. Web. 15 Apr 2013. lt;http://www. escapistmaga zine. com/forums/read/528. 313395-Karl-Marx-Why-Capitalism-Will-Fail> â€Å"Top 1 Percent Control 42 Percent of Financial Wealth in the U. S. – How Average Americans are Lured into Debt Servitude by Promises of Mega Wealth.. † My Budget 360. N. p.. Web. 15 Apr 2013. . â€Å"Unemployment. † Wikipedia. N. p. , 13 Apr 2013. Web. 15 Apr 2013. .

Business Plan: Sugarcane Juice Industry

Executive Summary We are the students of BBA from AIUB; under kind supervisor of sir MD. Mostofa Jaman started to work on new and innovative idea that has not been before in Bangladesh. As a step towards growing entrepreneurship in Bangladesh we students of AIUB have a tradition to present our new and innovative idea in front of people which could benefit the job situation in Bangladesh and so that we could become job givers not job beggars. Sugarcane juice industry is a business idea that deals is product. Our product is sugarcane juice in tin pack or pet bottles.Sugarcane juice is widely used in summer season because of its taste and low costs. Now in many countries it’s produced on chemical basis and there sales are quite high especially in Middle East countries. This juice is widely used in hot weather conditions. Industry Environment Over view of the industry Our business is the part of fruit & vegetable industry of Bangladesh. Agriculture is the largest income and employ ment-generating sector of Bangladesh. About two third population of the country resides in rural areas and directly or indirectly depends on agriculture for their livelihood.The sector is an important source of demands for its products. Company Locations and Facilities We select our industry location in Ashulia, Gazipur because we collect most of our sugarcanes from the north Bengal. The transportation system with north Bengal to Ashulia is very good. Potential customers Our potential customers will be every kind of individuals like: ? Students at every level. (from school to universities) ?Employees who work the entire day in hot condition. ?Households, passengers. In summer season every kind of people with no age limit use this juice, because most of the people avoid unhygienic products.Initially we will only limit our geographical scope to Dhaka and then after initial success we will expand our target segments. We expect we will cover almost 30%-40% of Dhaka’s population w hich could be almost one million we expect that out of these 30%-40% we will capture 60%-70% of the market. Direct competitors We don’t have direct competitors in our product however in substitute products we have mainly big companies like: Pran, Shezan, Akiz, Partex etc. Marketing Business opportunity This is the business plan of a partnership in the name of Sugarcane juice. The plan is to process and market the high-quality sugarcane juice.First time in Bangladesh, juice will be preserved in tin pack keeping them as fresh as at time of extraction. Till now market deals in fresh fruit juices which can be easily preserved however this idea has not been catered yet. Collecting raw materials Bangladesh country is an agricultural country. In North Bengal the farmers produce a huge amount of sugarcane. So it is a great opportunities for us to collect our raw materials. 1st year we buy our raw materials from those farmer. On the other hand in that year we leas 450-500 acres of lan d from the farmers and produce sugarcane in those land.Our sugarcane production will be increase if we grab the market. Company impact Sugarcane juice is widely used because of its sweet taste and being a solution to different health problems. The cost of production and raw material is not so much. It needs not to be marketed so much because it’s a new thing which people will try and love a lot. Simply we can place it in universities cafeterias, gourmet franchises and grocery shops, the only thing we must do is to ensure its shelf life and long time preservation time. Company strategy In first year, our company will market in Dhaka.Dhaka will be sole market for first year. Then looking through our sales history we will expand our business opportunities to other big cities of Bangladesh. More products that will be processed in same way and will be included in product line after making a good repute in the history. Operation Organizational structure â€Å"AAA† is an orga nization that will be legally formed as partnership firm. The partners will be Afroja Islam, Wasif Sabbir Hossain, Jabir Rahman, Shubo Saha and Md. Yusuf Raihan. Each partner will contribute 20% as initial investment in business.Key management personnel 4 important departments will be there: Purchasing and logistics Mr. Wasif Sabbir Hossain with one assistance (employee) will be responsible for all operating materials purchases at best possible rates and delivering at the appropriate time, use of just in time inventory. Production and Financial operations Md. Yousuf Raihan will be responsible for qualify production process. He will also be responsible for financial records and accounting. Md. Yusuf Raihan needs the following staff at the plant in the process. Process workers (1) MarketingMiss Afroja Islam is our marketing researcher. She alone with assistance of Jabir Rahman is responsible to design promotional campaigns and do art work for advertisement. Their main task is to work in celebration with sales department to create demand opportunities and find out new market segments. Warehouse Management and sales Mr. Shubo Saha will be responsible for managing finished goods inventory in Dhaka Warehouse and office and to go generate sales per decided and approved credit terms from financial department. Machinery requirement We use few kinds of machinery in our industry.Like crusher machine for crash sugarcane, filter machine for filter the crushed juice, labeling machine, can lid machine etc. Our plant capacity will be 3500-4000 Liters per day. Preservation system for sugarcane Aqueous ammonia (28% NH3 w/v) was mixed with 500ml batches freshly extracted sugarcane juice at level of 0, 0. 5, 1. 0, 1. 5, 2. 0, 2. 5 and 30% (w/v). the mixture were at a room temperature is sealed glass containers for 7 day period to measure changes in pH and Brix of the juice. Result for pH & Brix during 7 days after treatment are shown in Table 1.It gives the trends in these measur ement for aqueous ammonia level of 0, 0. 5, 1. 0, 1. 5 and 2%. Results for higher concentrations were identical to those for 2% aqueous ammonia. It is obvious that ammonia works well as a preservation especially if fairly high level are used, at level above 2% w/v the juice becomes less palatable for cattle and such situations if should bereft to stand until the excess ammonia dissipates. It has been suggested by Leng and Preston (1976) that the optimum level of available nitrogen in the rumen to ensure optimum synthesis of microbial protein in 3 g N/100 g of fermentable organic matter.Taking this case of cane juice at 14 Brix, then this world require about 1. 5% (w/v) of aqueous ammonia (28% NH3 w/v) in order to provide the required amount of available nitrogen for microbial protein synthesis. In the experiment reported here, the inclusion of from 1. 5-2. 0% aqueous ammonia in the sugarcane juice, thus provided the necessary amount of Nitrogen for rumen systematic protein and also preserved the juice over 6 days. Investment and Projected Financials Capital investment Business will be started with total capital of BDT 10,000,000. Each of five partners contributes 20% capital.Investment BDT Security payment for 10 Marla building Plant & machinery Labeling machinery Can lid selling machinery Working capital Total 200,000 4,060,000 90,000 110,000 4,662,000 9,122,000 Operating investment before earning BDT 4 months rent of plant building Wages for approx 2. 5 months Approximate initial recruitment cost Initial utility bills Total 160,000 100,000 20,000 40,000 320,000 Surplus= (10000000-9122000) =878,000 Surplus will be used to purchase operating materials for supplies for starting production. RA! HAN

Letter vs. Txtn

October 8, 2009 LW 102 9-11 am The Decease of Letter Writing Letter writing has all but disappeared in society today due to technologies such as e-mail and text messaging. Both of these technologies make the process of writing a letter and sending it through the mail much easier. Text messaging refers to messages being sent from one mobile phone to another. E-mail describes a system for sending and receiving messages over a computer network. Texting and E-mail have become part of people’s daily lives. Many people couldn’t imagine living without both. Even though texting and E-mailing are great things they are also making Americans lazy. When writing a letter you have to take the time to sit down and get your thoughts to process on paper. When writing letters you have to worry about correct spelling and vocabulary. Another big part of writing letters is grammar; it takes years sometimes to learn how to properly use the correct grammar and punctuation. Sometimes a major challenge in writing is being able to express an argument or a complete thought on paper. All of these things on top of technology contribute to why people don’t take the time to write letters anymore. E-mail also contributes to letter writing disappearing because even before texting became so popular there was e-mail. E-mail allows not only messages, but documents in little time. E-mail is convenient for PC users who are on the computer 24/7. E-mail allows you to send things like pictures and videos to another computer in less time it takes to mail a letter. E-mail is also cheap because most websites offer free e-mail addresses. Also most people who work in offices or from home rely on their e-mails very much to receive important information from their jobs quickly. Text messaging is another reason why letter writing has disappeared. Some people consider text messaging as their voice or identity. Texting is also one of the least expensive forms of communication and sends messages in less time than it takes to write. People text because it’s convenient and is like an extension of a PC. Unlike writing a letter, in text messaging you don’t have to worry about spelling because you can use short words and not have the correct spelling. Also in texting there is practically no grammar or punctuation. E-mail and text messaging are just two reasons why letter writing has deceased. These two technological advancements are much more convenient and easier to access. People are still communicating and sharing their original and personal thoughts with other people. So even though writing letters has disappeared somewhat people still express themselves in other ways.

ASIGN5_SMT312 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ASIGN5_SMT312 - Essay Example Energy costs take 8% of the GDP of the United States. The United States is conducting a geological survey to evaluate its oil reserves. OPEC refers to organization of the petroleum producing Exporting countries. This is a cartel of twelve countries namely United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Iran, Qatar, Libya, Nigeria Kuwait, Angola, Iraq and Algeria. The headquarters of OPEC are in Vienna. They hold regular meeting represented by member countries oil ministers. In 2008 Indonesia withdrew from the group due to its declining reserves. The countries with the most coal reserves in the world are the United States, Russia and China respectively. There are about 847 billion tones in the world. These are enough deposits to last the entire world for the next 130 years at the existent level of production. A survey conducted by the United States Geological Survey show areas around Arctic Alaska, Amerasia, East Greenland Rift Basins in North America have large deposits tar sand. It’s estimated that 84% of gas and oil production would take place off shore. Like any non-renewable energy source tar sand affect the environment. When being mined toxic chemical infiltrate rivers and other water bodies. In addition because of the high carbon emission it causes deforestation. Most of time a large section of trees, bushes, top soil are cleared thereby causing environmental degradation. The oil crisis in 1973 emanated when the then Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting placed an oil Embargo on the United States of America. It came about after the United States supplied Israeli with military equipment during the Yom Kippur War. The embargo was placed on October 1973 to march 1974 (Campbell, 89). 16 The 1979 oil crisis which is also known as the second oil crisis resulted from the Iranian Revolution. Massive protests that led to the fleeing of Mohammed Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, also disrupted the county’s oil sector

Stalin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Stalin - Essay Example The paper shows that Solzhenitsyn writes that on the hand with hatred to Ukrainians, Chechen people, Baltic nations, and some small ethnicities, which suffered exile to Siberia or Cold prairies of Kazakhstan Stalin, agreed that only Russians and Jews remained to be faithful to him. To my point of view, it’s not true and can be regarded as a subjective point of view of the author. Stalin hated Jews, during his power Jews were proclaimed to be â€Å"fifth column† and a number of Jews suffered especially in after war years, a number of Bolsheviks elite representatives and army generals were Jews and nearly all of them suffered in the years of great purges. Making a conclusion it's important to outline that portrait of Stalin given by Solzhenitsyn in the novel The first circle is very accurate and realistic. If the majority of western authors gave an only historical evaluation to Stalin and Edward Radzinsky sometimes gives illogical arguments for justification of Stalin’s cruelty, then Alexander Solzhenitsyn presents him as an aging tyrant who created an empire based on terror and blood and who understands that it will break immediately after his death. It was his main purpose to show his cruelty, paranoia power and helplessness at the same moment. He was considered to be country’s leader, which stood only on the power of terror. It wasn’t accepted by his former ally from Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito, and he was mad. The only pleasure Stalin got on his birthday was the murder of Tito’s friend and another Yugoslavian communist Traicho Kostov.

Auditing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Auditing - Assignment Example This report will discuss several audit problems which can impact the materiality of financial statements. Wentworth Brewster limited specializes with the manufacture of sports equipment. All the products are sold to specialist retailers and private member gym clubs. The company owns a large number of freehold premises than it generally requires. The surplus office is usually sub-let to three other businesses. All sales are on a credit basis and customers are authorized and credit checked by the credit controller before an account is being set up. Detailed records on stocks are also maintained. The audit risk areas for Wentworth relate to debtors, stocks, claims on damages and rent income. Debtors have been circularized and no evaluation on replies and follow ups on non-replies had been done. There was also a dispute from a particular debtor with regard to account balance. There were also slow-moving stocks whose valuation was questionable. Rental income had not been audited since it was argued that its amount was less than that of sales income. Finally, there were no provisions made for claims or contingency. The audit duration will be a period of one month and the audit team will from time to time visit the site to obtain information. Communication shall also be done via emails when necessary. Debtors The main purpose of circularizing debtors is to obtain evidence regarding the ownership, existence and value of debtors in the financial statement. Debtors are third parties and thus are considered to be an external source of information. Obtaining evidence from different sources or types especially from third parties increases the level of assurance (Kumar and Sharma 2006). Circularization is done by writing to debtors directly requesting them to confirm their account balances. Debtors’ circularization can either be positive or negative. In positive circularization, the debtors are required to respond whether they agree or disagree to the contents of the circular. In negative circularization, the debtor is required to respond whether they disagree with the contents of the circular. The major drawback of negative circularization is that in case the debtors fails to reply to the contents of the circular, the auditor assumes that he is in agreement with the contents of the circular. The auditor of Wentworth Brewster limited sent circulars to a sample of 30 debtors to confirm year end balances. There were replies and non-replies to the circular. Second request was done to non-replies where some debtors replied but five did not reply. One of the debtors who failed to reply had a zero balance while three of these debtors had balances ranging between ?5,000 and ?20,000. There were no follow ups done on these accounts. The fifth customer was a major customer, Multi-gym ltd and had a yearend balance of ?145,000. The audit senior had discussions with the credit controller of Wentworth with regard to this account as part of the follow up proce ss. According to the credit controller, Multi-gym limited had disputes on a number of invoices worth ?95,000. The amount related to a model of rowing machines bought from Wentworth and Multi-gym disputed that the machines were inefficient as they kept on jamming every time. Upon the receipt of replies, the

Unit 1 Seminar Human Services and policies Research Paper

Unit 1 Seminar Human Services and policies - Research Paper Example It also uses evidences pulled from different social discipline fields such as economics, history and even sociology (Titmuss, 1974). This enhances their profession and gives them a foundation of participating in formulation of government regulations. Thus, govern the living conditions of human beings as well as their behavior. Social policies deal with a number of concepts that directly affect the human services. One of the major issues is social security. Security is a priority because it determines their co-existence with one another, their entrepreneurship and even their choice on where to live. Another significant issue is education. The government regulates this social amenity through its laws as well as its budget(DiNitto, 2011).Other issues include the health, housing, wages, and social behavior such as marriage that surround the people’s day-to-day’s life(Spicker, n.d). All these issues will be reflected in the development of any particular region. In conclusion, social policy is a very important field that requires proper understanding and implementation. This is because it has a direct influence on the people’s wellbeing as well as their behavior towards one

Teaching ESL through Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teaching ESL through Culture - Essay Example The complexity was actually compounded when the aspect of culture comes into play. With the growth of technology that contributed to breaking barriers of time and distance, people from various cultures felt the most eminent need to learn ESL, considering English as the universal language. In this regard, the objective of the essay is to review six pertinent literatures that delve into the subject of teaching ESL with culture seen as playing a crucial role in learning and reinforcing literacy and proficiency. Defining Culture From evaluating the contents of the six articles, one observed that in discussing the role that culture plays in teaching ESL, several authors acknowledged that defining the term ‘culture’ proffered challenges due to its broad perspectives. Lafayette acknowledged that â€Å"because culture can be defined so broadly, it is often difficult for teachers to select those aspects that should be included in the curriculum at various levels of instructionâ €  (6). ... omprises a set of symbolic systems, including knowledge, norms, values, beliefs, language, art, customs, as well as habits and skills learned by members of a given society† (Young, Sachdev, & Seedhouse, 2009, p. 149). From among the definitions noted, Young, et al. included language as part of the definition acknowledging the important role it plays in the communication process. Problems in Incorporating Culture in Teaching ESL Aside from the dilemma in defining the term, most authors have revealed that there were apparent apprehensions for incorporating teaching culture in the ESL curriculum (Lafayette, 1978, p. 6). Sauve have enumerated seven problems with teaching culture in the Canadian ESL classroom, to wit: (1) naming â€Å"a Canadian culture† (Sauve, 1996, p. 17); (2) unprepared academic programs for teaching cultural aspects; (3) a conceptual dilemma of defining ESL; (4) perceived decline in valuing the ESL professional; (5) the role of immigrant educators as ESL staffs; (6) biased society in favor of white, Anglo-Saxon, Christian and of middle class tradition and values (Sauve, 1996, p. 22); and (7) time context and priorities. The article written by Young, et al. highlighted concerns that included ambiguity in determining â€Å"whose culture should be a focus for study on English language program† (Young, Sachdev, & Seedhouse, 2009, p. 151) and how effective an identified approach would be after taking into account the increasing predominance of nonnative speaking (NNS) teachers of a language and their acknowledged difficulty in teaching culture with the ESL realm. Finally, Byram and Kramsch (2008) disclosed the problem of cultural translation by citing Geertz’s words as: â€Å"Translation is not a simple recasting of others' ways of putting things in terms of

Fast Food, are we taking it too far by blaming fast food restaurants Research Paper

Fast Food, are we taking it too far by blaming fast food restaurants for obesity - Research Paper Example Opponents of the fast food industry tend to compare fast food to cigarettes, saying that smoking one cigarette pack a day is not more harmful for health than eating three big macs a day. â€Å"The concept of â€Å"Big Food† litigation [was] crafted along the line of â€Å"Big Tobacco† litigation†. Cigarettes and fast food deteriorate health in their own respective ways, and there is nothing untrue about it. However, cigarettes are a means of consumption of smoke whereas food is fundamentally a source of nutrition, no matter how fatty that may be. Overeating can always cause obesity, whether or not fast food is consumed. If three big macs are to be equalized to one pack of cigarettes, this is no reason to sue the fast food companies because they never ask their customers to consume three big macs in a single day. It is up to the customers what they eat and how much they eat. Cigarettes are totally the pollutants for lungs whereas fast food is also rich in proteins and carbohydrates in addition to fats. If any food that contains fat and carbohydrate is to be blamed for obesity, health conscious people should resort to taking protein tablets and eat nothing, because anything they would eat would have some proportion of fat and carbohydrates in their contents. After all, it is the nature’s decision, and is so because fats and carbohydrates are necessary for health, though if consumers can not keep themselves from overeating, it is they who should be sued instead of the fast food companies.... any food that contains fat and carbohydrate is to be blamed for obesity, health conscious people should resort to taking protein tablets and eat nothing, because anything they would eat would have some proportion of fat and carbohydrates in their contents. After all, it is the nature’s decision, and is so because fats and carbohydrates are necessary for health, though if consumers can not keep themselves from overeating, it is they who should be sued instead of the fast food companies. Robert Sweet, the US District Judge rightly said, â€Å"If consumers know (or reasonably should know) the potential ill health effects of eating at McDonald's, they cannot blame McDonald's if they, nonetheless, choose to satiate their appetite with a surfeit of supersized McDonald's products† (Sweet cited in Collins). In order to get to the root cause of the problem, it is useful to find out what has stimulated fast food companies to sell food rich in fat. Fat happens to be the most typic al source of taste in any kind of food. Take a piece of bread and eat it, it won’t taste good enough. Application of a spoonful of butter or cheese on it would enhance its taste manifolds. Even in homes, people frequently make use of dairy products rich in fat content like cottage cheese, butter, cream and milk. In fact, there are many obese people who do not at all go to the fast food restaurants. Many people are genetically obese. Two children, who are brought up in similar circumstances, are of same age and consume same food can not be expected to have the same body mass index. One might be very skinny and the other might be obese. It is the way an individual’s body reacts to the food consumed that makes a difference. Many people remain on diet 24/7 and are yet obese. Yet there are others who

Media audiences embody the fears and fantasies of their social Research Paper

Media audiences embody the fears and fantasies of their social context. - using The Hunger Games (dir. Ross, 2012) - Research Paper Example Conversely, the media does not contain relevant information alone, but contains a lot of harmful content that make the audience uncontrollably lost. The Hunger Games does not play to the knowledge of the extent of playing to the unseen eyes. The film seeks to entertain, or explore on any value that an individual may derive from watching the film, even if it means data for marketing purposes. The film brings out a metaphoric sense, which is resonant enough to make me accept the surveillance pleasures. This is in line with the Hunger Games focus in enhancing organization in the society (Ross Film). The hunger Games film, is designed in a manner that appeals to everyone else, especially the teenagers, who considers it a source of entertainment by living with pressure, which is unavoidable of being scrutinized. Constant surveillance value-seeking behavior is explored in the film, as its effects come out clearly. The constant value seeking surveillance influences behavior of the characters because they are obsessed with fact that other people derive something from the actions we undertake. The â€Å"unseen† eye influences behavior of the actors whose focus is based on entertaining the viewers. The Hunger Games indicates that the media is normally on purpose when it misses the point universally (Ross Film). Ideally, the media has been very relevant in enhancing communication. Through media, individuals whose voices could not be heard for specific reasons are now heard. Additionally, the individuals who oppressed others can now be categorically identified and prosecuted. The media has been influential for various cultures where many individuals have assimilated and adopted cultures that they observe on the media. Newer resources and facilities have resulted from the media as the media now acts as a tool for creating awareness as well as for providing education for the public and the audiences (Bury 3). The Hunger Games is broadcast and the viewers get riveted to

Non-Oil Sector Stocks in Saudi Arabia Research Paper

Non-Oil Sector Stocks in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example Saudi Arabia has proven oil reserves of 264.52 billion barrels of oil (OPEC, 2011) and recently surpassed by Venezuela who claimed their oil reserves had risen to 269.5 billion barrels of oil. In terms of oil production, Saudi Arabia has a quota allocation of just over 30% of production among Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) countries. The Saudi Arabian oil production in 2010 was 9.1 million barrels per day which accounted for 13% of world’s total oil production. Oil is the major driver of economic activity in Saudi Arabia. Oil-related activities accounted for 47% of the GDP in 2010 (MoF, 2011), and petroleum products exports amounted to $193 billion and accounted for 84% (by value) of total exports in Saudi Arabia (OPEC, 2011). Therefore, oil prices play a vital role in the Saudi Arabian economy. However, from the perspective of an investor or an enterprise in Saudi Arabian market, it is also important to know whether oil prices have a major role to pl ay in stock prices of non-oil sector companies too. If there is a high positive correlation between oil prices and non-oil sector stocks, an investor can use these stocks to hedge on their investments in oil. The outcome of this study could, therefore, be very useful for foreign investors and enterprises already present or planning to enter the Saudi Arabian market. Clarification of Terms and Concepts Aggregate Demand: The total demand for goods and services in an economy for a specified time period and at specific price levels is called aggregate demand. It is made up of 4 major components – consumption or consumer spending, investment, government spending and net exports. Correlation: A statistical measure that describes how two variables move together with each other. The coefficient of correlation has the value between -1 and 1. A positive value means the two variables move in the same direction simultaneously. The closer the value is to 0, the lesser relative movement th ey have. Disposable Income: The amount of money that the households in an economy have for spending and saving after taxes have been deducted from their total income. It indirectly measures the potential for consumer spending in the economy. Downstream (oil industry): The downstream activities in oil industry refer to refining and distribution of natural gas and products refined from crude oil. Exchange rates: The rate at which two currencies can be exchanged for each other. Essentially, it is the price at which one country’s currency can be exchanged for another country’s currency. Granger-Causality test: A statistical test used to measure whether the change in one variable causes a change in another variable. Granger-Causality tests relationship between two variables. This methodology is employed to test the causality of each variable for the other and establish which variable causes the change in which variable. The key principle used is that the independent variabl e is better able to predict the dependent variable than when taking only the lagged values of the dependent variable to predict it.

Best Buy Case Study Essay Example for Free

Best Buy Case Study Essay Best Buy is a multinational corporation with over 4,000 locations nationwide. Circuit City was Best Buy’s only main competition for some years until it took over and ran Circuit City out of business. Best Buy’s market share increased after that however, other large retailers as well as e-tailers entered into the market. Amazon, Target, Wal-Mart and Apple became Best Buy’s new competition that caused a decrease in market sales in 2010. They all had the same thing in common after the Circuit City collapse and that was to increase electronics. They all had their own strategies to out-beat Best Buy. Although Best Buy acquired some more competition in a 2010 survey consumers still said Best Buy is the first to come to mind when they think about buying electronics. However, even though Best Buy is the first that comes to mind against the other competitors, depending on what the product is they will go to Amazon to buy it instead. Due to their strategy which focuses on three areas; customer-centricity, employment policies and exclusive branding, they are keeping up with the competition. Best Buy’s strategies may help them a majority of the time but they could change their strategies just a little bit. They should try what Wal-Mart does and price match ads with other stores so that way they are still getting the profits and keeping customers. In my opinion, Best Buy could improve their strategy when it comes to prices because they are on the higher end of prices. As a consumer myself, I do look at Best Buy first for my electronics but I usually go somewhere else because the prices are usually cheaper. Other than their prices I actually think their strategies are working out good for them and it shows in their rankings amongst other competitors. Consumer electronics is considered a mature industry because of the new trends. This industry hits record sales during the holiday seasons but still says rather well throughout the year as well. All companies associated with this industry try to keep up so they make their own products. However, due to manufactures cannibalizing their products their product life cycle has decreased. Manufactures started doing this to try to keep their consumers  loyalty. When prices start to fall for technology products this opens a bigger demographic; however by time the prices fall for the products they have come up with better products. In order to recapture the growth of Best Buy they should try to fix the prices to fit a bigger demographic. I think if they at least try to work with the consumers with the prices they would gain more customers. The problem is the fact that consumers go elsewhere when they see the prices and do a price match. Amazon became popular with electronics because people f ound out that they could get electronics of all kinds online. Also Amazon has an advantage over Best Buy because with Amazon there is free shipping on products, well on most products. I think if Best Buy tried to adapt some of Amazon’s strategy they can out beat them in the electronics department. If they could be like Amazon and have a limitless inventory online rather than just have their amount of availability on the showroom. If they did this I think they would see growth in their company. They pride their selves in having the most respected name brands in the consumer electronics industry so if they matched the prices with their pride in their brands I see a definite growth in their company. With Best Buy being a well-known company and is the first that comes to mind when talking about electronics, if they had a bigger choice when it came to the products than they might gain some more growth as well to go along with their already loyal customer base. At Best Buy, they offer a selection of energy-efficient products. These products were designed to help their customers around the world save some more money by using less energy. I think with Best Buy becoming more sustainable they are more able to maintain the interest of the stakeholders. With these products the shareholders play a big role in influencing their overall sustainability strategy. The stakeholders help with modeling Best Buy’s annual sustainability reports. So with them adding this strategy and allowing the stakeholders to get the chance to have a part in the strategy they are gaining their interest. Best Buy actually takes the recommendations from their stakeholders and they try to communicate with them in efforts to keep their interest in their decision to incorporate a sustainability strategy. I think this was a good move on their part because it states they were uncertain about Mr. Dunn’s five year growth strategy. The stakeholders  were worried abo ut Best Buy’s cash position and about if these strategies would work or not. Anytime when stakeholders have the opportunity to have a so in a company is a good thing. In conclusion, I believe Best Buy is a great company but can become a better one if they were to do some modifications with their strategies. With the constantly changing economy they need to adapt their strategies to the changes. I’m not saying they would have to always change their strategies but I think they should always try their best to make their strategies fit the customers as well as help the success of the company. With that being said I believe they will receive even better results for the company as well as the consumers.

Distinguishing Men From Animals With Culture

Distinguishing Men From Animals With Culture For culture is the sociological term for learned behaviour: behaviour which in man is not given at birth, which is not determined by his germ cells as the behaviour of wasps or the social ants, but must be learned anew from grown people by each new generation. The degree to which human achievements are dependent on this kind of learned behaviour is mans great claim to superiority over all the rest of creation; he has been properly called the culture being animal. Benedict Different people may have different definition of culture. The most common definition of culture is that culture means the mode of human activities, such as human knowledge, learning and belief which are integrated in the symbolic thoughts. Culture includes ideas about identity, nature, social relationship and so on, as well as artifacts. This topic is based on several assumptions. Firstly, this essay assumes that humans are not animals and only men have culture while animals do not have any. I also assumed that culture can be definite. In the following, I will discuss the perspective of human in the point of view for zoologists, and also the inter-specific relationships between human and animals. This might counter my argument of culture distinguishes men from animals. Secondly, I will discuss Zoologist accounts on the human-animals inter-specific relationship To zoologists, all animals (including human beings) are equally interesting. For them, all animals undergo the inter-specific relationship which is in the food chain, i.e. prey, symbiont, competitor, parasite and predator, and human beings exist in these pair of species. According to The Naked Ape (1967) by British zoologist, Desmond Morris, Any species which competes with us for food or space, or interferes with the efficient running of our lives, is ruthlessly eliminatedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Large carnivores have been out other serious competitors and these too have been eliminated wherever the population density of out species has risen above a certain level. Same as in the predator relationship, we humans are involved in it. Morris (1967) stated that larger carnivores such as sharks which are the killers are accounted for more humans deaths than any other is one cannot devour the nutritious corpuses it produces. Moreover, Morris (1967) also pointed out that the inter-specific relationship appears to human and other animals not only in the food chain, but also in other ways. For example, human beings could not resist to say Hi or any other greetings to his/her own pet, such as his/her own dog. Even we all know the animals will not understand, we still could not resist the temptation. We could not explain that. The response was just triggered off inside us when we see the animal. Furthermore, Morris (1967) also pointed out that out love or hatred to the animals is also included in the human-animal relationship. Through this, we can see the inter-specific relationship between human beings and animals exist in the vast amount of cultures, or even, we carried further in these relationships than other animals. Therefore, to zoologists, humans are not unique in these respects. Biological differences between human and other animals However, biologist anthropologists and other biologists may argue that there is something which is different in human than in other animals, which this will lead to human are not animals (which I assumed before). So what distinguishes us from other species on animals? Gorillas and chimpanzees are close primate relative to humans. Compare to chimpanzees, human has 98 percent of genes same as the chimps. The differences between human and chimpanzees were brought by the 2 percent difference in our genes. Biological anthropologists believe that human beings have got a familiar skeletal hallmark. The major difference is that humans are bipedalism (standing on two legs) and the adaptation of the straight, upright gaits. Humans are having particular small teeth and large braincase as well. The 2 percent difference also brought the difference of using modern language to communicate idea. Human beings also use culture, which are complex ideas to survive. These are all the anatomical character of human beings. Human evolution in human brains: What is in the Homo sapiens mind? According to Jerome Kagan (2004), at the end of the first year, human and chimpanzee infants are similar to each other, Both of the species locomote, attend to unexpected or unfamiliar events, and remember where an attractive object disappeared ten seconds earlier. However, 24 months later, maturational changes occur in human brain and it brought four unique quantities for humans: (1) Children can infer varied thoughts and feelings in others; (2) Children use a symbolic language with a grammar and semantic categories for events that share no physical feature; (3) Understand for the concepts of good. Bad, right and wrong; (4) Become consciously aware of some of their intentions and feelings. Moreover, Kagan also stated that chimpanzees are incapable of appreciating the partner intends to engage in reciprocally cooperative act has no implication for the gaining of food or protectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Every two-year-old child makes this simple assumption automatically. Therefore, it is beli eved that a pair of chimpanzees could not throw a ball back and forth between them, while a pair of humans will assume to throw the ball back. One of the unique characteristic in human brains is the feeling of guilty. Human is the only animal species which will feel guilty, it is not possible even in our close primate relatives such as the chimpanzees. Kagan explained that Guilt requires an agent to know that a voluntary act that could have been suppressed has hurt another. Guilt requires the ability to reflect on a past action that injured another in some way, to realize that the behaviour could have been inhibited, and to appreciate that the self was the cause of the ethical violation. During human evolution, human developed to be conscious and aware to others feeling, while other animals did not. Thus, the feeling of guilty is one feature which makes human unique. Kagan pointed out another unique quality of Homo sapiens is the consciousness of ones feelings, intentions and properties, which is called sensory awareness. According to Kagan, there is not just only one form to awareness. It is believed that all these awareness require the brain circuits. There is awareness in properties such as consciousness in ones physical features, beliefs, talents and social categories. The other form of awareness is the awareness that one is about implement or suppress an action. Neuroscientist Michael Gazzaniga believes that there is another form of consciousness which is the interpretation of ones feelings and perceptions. However, these four forms of consciousness are not evolved in the same time, they evolve in different ages in the humans early childhood. In the first year, there will be the appearance of the awareness of sensory. In the second year, children will smile after completing a difficult task. It is not until the third year of life that childr en will be aware of their intentions and that they can describe what they are doing. Finally, in the fourth year, children can regularly integrate the present moment with their recollections of the past and begin to be able to interpret others feeling and perceptions. However, for apes, they do not possess any other forms of consciousness apart from the sensory consciousness. In terms of consciousness, human is unique. Another unique quality in the Homo sapiens is that they are the animal species which are willing to limit their offspring from inclusive fitness (the ability of an organism to ensure the survival of their own offspring or to see how their genes pass on). The family size in human families is thus decreasing. Meanwhile, in other species, they will reproduce the offspring as much as they can, so that their species would not extinct due to any environmental factors, such as drought, lack of food, lack of shelter, disease and so on. For example, female fish will lay their eggs as much as possible so that there will be a greater chance for the eggs being fertilized. Moreover, this will increase the survival rate as most of the eggs will be eaten by other marine animals or bigger fishes. This will ensure their species would not be extinct. The same theory to increase the chance of survival of offspring is also applied in all other animals, such as dogs, cats and turtles. Therefore, human is unique by limiting their offspring. Human cognition Michael Tomasello brought up the idea of ratchet effect in human cultural evolution . The most distinctive characteristic of human cultural evolution as a process is the way that modifications to an artefact or a social practice made by one individual or group of individuals often spread within the group, and then stay in place until some future individuals make further modifications and these then stay in place until still further modifications are made. The major part of the ratchet effect takes place in childhood. Taboos For Vezo people, what makes human different from animals is taboos. They believe that it is taboos which make us humans. Human beings practice a whole range of taboos which animals dont. Lambek (1992) noted that taboos are distinctive at every level of social inclusion, from humanity viewed as a whole down to the individual. The Vezos have different taboos to show respect to animals. According to Astuti (2000), Vezos do not hunt or eat dolphins because they are generous towards human. Therefore, taboos on eating or hunting dolphins as dolphins saved peoples lives by gently keeping them afloat and pushing them back to the land after their canoes had capsized. However, children are too young to know about taboos and moral issues. They do not have taboos. If taboo is the unique quality of human beings, are children considered as animals? For me, children are considered as premature humans, which they do not have much experience on what is happening in the world. Even as I mentioned above, the brains undergoes human evolution and become more consciousness and awareness in their first four years of life. They are unwise and do not understand anything. However, as they grew up, and their perspectives will be changing. For example, after they have faced the life and death of their animal pets or toys, they will understand more about human death. And as what Astuti mentioned, this will contribute to transform their appreciation of the boundary between animals and people Until they understand and appreciate the boundary between animals, they will become a mature human. It takes 5-12 years for a child to become a mature human. Therefore, taboos ma y be a unique quality for Homo sapiens.

Role of Genetics in Myopia

Role of Genetics in Myopia Myopia, also known as short-sightedness, is a refractive error defined as an optical condition where parallel light rays entering the eye are focussed before the retina, resulting in a blurred image. Optical correction of this refractive error can be done with spectacles, contact lenses and surgical procedures such as photorefractive keratectomy. People with myopia are usually classified into two groups, low to moderate myopia (0.00D to -6.00D) or high/pathological myopia (greater than -6.00D). High myopia is also known as pathological myopia because it is often associated with sight threatening ocular conditions such as retinal detachment, macular degeneration, and glaucoma (Fredrick, 2002). Also systemic findings of many genetic syndromes such as Marfan and Stickler syndromes have myopia as consistent feature (Terri et al., 2004). Throughout the world myopia is a common cause for visual disability particularly in underdeveloped countries where the health care is poor or even non-existent. Myopia currently affects over 1.5 billion worldwide and this  is expected to increase to approximately 2.5 billion by the year 2020 (Dirani et al., 2006a). Prevalence varies between countries and ethnicities, reaching as high as 9 out of 10 people affected in some Asian populations such as Singapore and China (Chow et al., 1990; Wong et al., 2000). Epidemiological studies show that the prevalence of myopia is increasing and this is becoming a significant public health problem (Fredrick, 2002; Paluru et al., 2003; Saw et al., 1996). As well as needing resources for optical correction of myopia, the associated increased risk of vision loss has further economic and social implications for the population. Therefore extensive research is being carried out to understand the mechanisms and factors underlying myopia development in aim to reduce the incidence of myopia. An emmetropic eye is one that has zero or negligible refractive error. Most babies are born hypermetropic (long-sighted) and emmetropisation is the process by which the eye goes through changes to reach emmetropia, this occurs within the first 5-8 years of life (Fredrick, 2002). The simple reason for the increasing prevalence of myopia may be due to changes in environment, especially modernisation of the underdeveloped world which is partly due to improved education infrastructure and the technological/internet revolution. This means people are now using their eyes for near tasks such as computing much more than before. Therefore this near visual experience may have some influence in the emmetropisation process, resulting in the eyes becoming myopic instead of emmetropic. However there are many studies, such as twin and family history studies that have also found a strong positive correlation between genetics and myopia (Hammond et al., 2001). Other studies have mapped particular gen es that influence the onset of myopia or predispose an individual to becoming myopic. It seems there is some interaction between environment and genetics and how they influence the onset and progression of myopia but the relative contribution of each is not fully understood (Saw et al., 1996). Identifying potential myopia disease genes will help us understand the pathophysiological mechanisms behind myopia development. The potential for this in the future would be the ability to identify individuals at risk from myopia and help develop preventative therapies (Tang et al., 2008). This dissertation will aim to explore the role of genetics in myopia and review the current genes that have been identified to be associated with myopia. There are multiple ways to help identify genes associated with myopia, and researchers often employ a combination of techniques to further validate their findings. Genes are identified using genetic markers and genetic mapping techniques, these are explained further below. Genetic markers A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome. It is usually described as a variation, which may be due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci. This variation is what helps researchers identify genes associated with a particular trait like myopia. Genetic markers can be short DNA sequences, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), or long sequences such as microsatellites. SNPs are polymorphic markers that are variations in the DNA sequence occurring when a single nucleotide in the genome differs between two members of the same species (Warthmann et al., 2007). For example people with myopia will have a common SNP compared to those without. Microsatellites are short sections of DNA made up of repeating units containing 10-60 base pairs. Although microsatellites may have different or unknown repeating units, the repeating unit within the microsatellite is relatively constant (Dorland, 2007). The number of repeating units varies between individuals in a species i.e. they vary in length and these differences in DNA can be detected via capillary gel electrophoresis (Tang et al., 2008). Microsatellites have a high level of polymorphism that makes them another useful tool to help identify genetic markers. Genetic maps are made up of many microsatellites with known positions; this allows genes to be located relative to the microsatellites. Genetic mapping The aim of genetic mapping is to assign DNA fragments to chromosomes, which eventually accumulates to a complete genetic map for a condition. There are two methods for genetic mapping; linkage analysis and association study (Tang et al., 2008). Each method has its own advantages that help overcome different situations. Linkage analysis Linkage analysis is based on the link between loci (locations of genes). If two loci are inherited together on the same chromosome then they are said to be linked. Meiosis results in genes being recombined from parent chromosomes into a new combination in the offspring and this crossing over of DNA can cause alleles previously on the same chromosome to be separated. Therefore if two loci are closer together, the possibility of them being inherited together is greater i.e. there is a reduced chance of alleles being separated and therefore the offspring is more likely to inherit parental traits. Linkage studies aim to uncover genetic markers that are linked to disease genes with the potential to identify other genes as possible disease gene candidates (Terri et al., 2004). Association studies (FIND BOOK REF) An association study is another route to help identify susceptibility genes when studying a multifactorial disease like myopia. Association studies are different from linkage studies in that a common allele is associated with the disease where as linkage study allows different alleles to be associated with the disease in different families (Cordell et al., 2005). There are two separate approaches that an association study can take, it can either be population-based or family based. The main aim is to compare DNA samples from affected individuals against non-affected individuals similar to case-control studies. If the findings show a common allele in the affected individuals that is not found in the controls then it can be assumed that this allele is positively associated with a specific disease (Zhang et al., 2010). Population-based association studies take a sample of people from the population and compares genetic markers between affected individuals (cases) and unaffected individuals (controls). The two groups must be unrelated (no blood relation) although the human population does share common ancestry and so it can be argued that the wider population is just an extended family (Tang et al., 2008; Cordell et al., 2005). Small genetic differences can be detected for complex traits using population-based studies and this can produce powerful results but there may be a confounding effect due to population stratification. Therefore a careful selection of cases and controls is required for a good quality association study. Family-based association studies involve nuclear families consisting of affected offspring and their parents. It is presumed that the non-transmitted alleles from the parents act as internal controls and the transmitted alleles act as the cases. This means family-based studies eliminate any mismatching between cases and controls, therefore avoiding any chance association due to population stratification (Tang et al., 2008). GENETIC INFLUENCE ON MYOPIA Many studies have been conducted to help identify the exact role of genetics in myopia onset and progression. As myopia seems to be multifactorial, twin and family studies are performed to help differentiate between the genetic influence and other factors such as an environmental influence. Twin studies There are two types of twin pairs; monozygotic and dizygotic. Identical twins are known as monozygotic i.e. they originated from the same fertilised ovum, where as dyzgotic twins originate from two separately fertilised eggs therefore their DNA is not identical. In 2001 a classic twin study was performed by Hammond et al. using 226 monozygotic and 280 dizygotic twin pairs from the UK, all female and aged between 49 and 19 years old. The study looked at heritability values of refractive error and found a much higher correlation in monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins; this can be seen in fig 1. This suggests there is a strong genetic influence when inheriting refractive error since monozygotic twins have identical DNA and dyzogitc twins only share up to half their DNA. However heritability is population specific, and if this study was repeated for another population sample with a different gene pool or environment then similar results may not be seen (Hammond et al., 2001). A more recent study carried out by Dirani et al. in 2006 was composed of 345 monozygotic and 267 dizygotic twin pairs aged between 18 and 88 years old. Twins were recruited from Australia both male and female. Again the study found similar results to above; a significantly higher correlation was found in the monozygotic than the dzygotic twin pairs. The study found that the high heritability can explained by additive and dominant genetic effects which suggests there are multiple genes involved in the aetiology of myopia (Dirani et al., 2006b). Many other twin studies have also reported on the importance of genetic factors in myopia (Teikari et al., 1980; Hu, D., 1981; Miller, E. M., 1995; Dirani et al., 2008). This leads one to conclude that genetics plays an important role in myopia development. However twin studies do rely on a common assumption that all twins share a similar environment (Dirani et al., 2006a). This way the studies performed can assume all results are are relative with no significant environmental discrepency i.e. there is no confounding effect as long as the assumption holds true. Although twin studies show good evidence of genetics influencing myopia, some argue they do not apply to the singleton population as twin studies rely on contestable assumptions (Hammond et al., 2001; Morgan et al., 2005). An alternative approach to studying the genetic influence is to conduct a familial study. Familial studies Familial studies concentrate on the heritability value of a condition being passed on from parents to their offspring. If there is a family history of particular condition then there is a greater probability that the children will inherit the same condition. For myopia, there is a higher risk of the children developing the condition if one or both parents have myopia compared to children without myopic parents (Zadnik et al., 1994). A study surveying 2888 children in China and Hong Kong found the prevalence of myopia to be 7.3% if neither parent was myopic, 26.2% if one parent was myopic and 45% if both parents were myopic, reinforcing the view of a strong genetic influence in myopia (Yap et al., 1993). Although this seems like a genetic predisposition to myopia, there is a possible confounding effect since family members not only share common genes but also share a similar environment (Morgan et al., 2005; Sperduto et al., 1996). Therefore when comparing families careful selection should be made to ensure a large difference in environmental circumstances does not exist between the families. If there is a difference in the environment then this should be factored into the results. Familial studies suggest that a gene-environment interaction exists but this conclusion must be used with an open-mind since parental myopia history can denote a genetic marker, a common lifestyle, or both (Saw at al., 2001; Young et al., 2007). Mendelian inheritance The classic Mendelian inheritance model has laws that state the inheritance of traits is linked to single genes on chromosomes in the nucleus. There are four modes of Mendelian inheritance; autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant and X-linked recessive (Book ReF). There are genetic differences between forms of high myopia and low myopia (Olmedo et al., 1992; Pintado et al., 1992). Some studies have found a Mendelian inheritance pattern for myopia, particularly for dominantly inherited simple high myopia (Guggenheim et al., 2000). Young et al. found an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance identifying two loci for high myopia (Young et al., 1998a; Young et al., 1998b). A recent family-based study consisting of 162 Chinese nuclear families found an association and linkage between the myocilin gene (MYOC) polymorphisms and high myopia (Tang et al., 2007). Many other genetic linkage studies dealing with familial high myopia have also identified myopia loci with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance (Naiglin et al., 2002; Paluru et al., 2003; Paluru et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2005; Nallasamy et al., 2007). However, similar studies have also found that myopia is likely to be influenced by multiple genes (Hammond et al., 2004; Wojciechowski et al., 2006) and other factors like environment (Morgan et al., 2005). This concept of a multifactorial disorder suggests that myopia does not conform to a single-gene Mendelian inheritance model (Ashton, 1985; Klein et al., 2005; Young et al., 2007). Therefore Mendelian inheritance patterns may only apply to simple high myopia i.e. low myopia and some forms of high myopia are comlex traits that do not conform to a Mendelian inheritance model. Complex trait myopia Myopia can be expressed as part of a syndrome, rarely as a monogenic form (typically high myopia) or most commonly as a complex disorder (Tang et al., 2008). A complex trait results from the interaction of multiple factors, each of which has a relatively small effect. Family studies show that myopia is more prevalent with a positive family history but it is not a single-gene defect and there may be an environmental influence. This multi-factorial inheritance suggests that the disorder is only expressed if a critical number of genes are inherited independently, and accompanied with an environmental influence i.e. near-work (Saw et al., 1996; Young et al., 2007). Many low myopia loci have also been mapped using linkage analysis (Hammond et al., 2004; Wojciechowski et al., 2006; Klein et al., 2007). However, the genes influencing myopia onset and progression are still not fully understood and research has continued to help identify potential candidate genes that may have a critical role in myopia development. Susceptibility genes Many genes are involved in eye development processes such as emmetropisation, and some of these have been suggested as candidate genes that make an individual more susceptible to develop myopia. PAX6 The PAX6 gene is part of the Pax family that are transcriptional regulators and have an important role in the developing eye. Mutations in the PAX6 gene have been implicated for the development of serious ocular conditions such as aniridia and congenital cataracts (Glaser et al., 1994; Hever et al., 2006). Varying the dosage of PAX6 gene in transgenic mice has been proved to influence eye size (Schedl et al., 1996). Therefore it is thought that polymorphisms in the PAX6 gene may be associated with developing a refractive error in humans. Hammond et al. (2004) carried out a genomewide scan of 221 dyzygotic twins and found 5 SNPs with strong linkage to the PAX6 gene but no associtaion, suggesting that PAX6 may influence myopia development. Another study perfomed by Simpson et al. (2007) used 25 tag SNPs, which covered the PAX6 gene, and found no association between PAX6 and refractive error. However, more recent studies have suggested there is an association between the PAX6 gene and high myopia (Tsai et al., 2008; Han et al., 2009). It seems an association may exist but due to the lack of evidence further investigation is required to fully understand the potential influence of the PAX6 gene in myopia development. TGIF The transforming growth ÃŽ ²-induced factor (TGIF) gene functions as a transcriptional repressor. Mutations in TGIF have been identfied in patients with holoprosencephaly; a common congenital forebrain development defect (Satoh et al., 2008). Young et al. (1998) identified MYP2 locus on chromosome 18p11.31 to be associated with autosomal dominant high myopia. The TGIF gene has been mapped to be located within the MYP2 interval and therefore is considered as a candidate gene for MYP2-associated high myopia. However, studies investigating the relationship between TGIF and high myopia have not found any association (Scavello et al., 2004; Hasumi et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2009) Although experimental science has found a strong expression of TGIF in mice during early stages of retinal development (Satoh et al., 2008), the exact role of TGIF in neural development is not fully understood. Further research is required to determine the underlying mechanisms and influence of TGIF in developmental processes. HGF The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been found to be strongly linked to determining the eye size in mice i.e. causing myopia (Zhou et al., 1999). HGF has also been closely associated with biological mechanisms influencing axial myopia such as critical scleral remolding proteinases (Hamasuna et al., 1999; Gong et al., 2003). This makes HGF a potential candidate gene for myopia. A recent family-based study found a positive association between a HGF gene polymorphism and high myopia in the Han Chinese population (Han et al.,2006). However, another study by Wang et al. (2009) found little association between HGF and myopia. It seems many candidate genes have been suggested to be associated with myopia, particularly with high myopia loci, but none of them have been proven to be clearly involved (Scavello et al., 2004; Young, T. L., 2004; Wang et al., 2009). Environmental Influence Normally in humans the eyes develop from neonatal hypermetropia to emmetropia in the early years of life (Fredrick, 2002). However, this same process in animal models can be disrupted by environmental factors. Experimental animal studies have shown that if an image is not allowed to be focussed on the retina, either by suturing eyelids or placing diffusers over the eye, then myopia will develop (Wallman et al., 1978; Raviola et al., 1985; Siegwart et al., 1998). In human infants naturally occuring diseases, such as congenital cataracts and periocular haemangiomas, cause similar vision deprivation. In eyes that are left untreated, axial elongation and myopia develops (Hoyt et al., 1981; Fredrick, 2002), however not all these patients develop myopia (Young et al., 2007). Therefore the emmetropisation process may be sensitive to envronmental factors but it is not solely influenced by them. Myopia prevalence is increasing and becoming a more significant public health problem (Saw et al., 1996; Fredrick, 2002; Paluru et al., 2003). The use-abuse theory suggests that near work causes myopia, therefore people that are highly educated are more like to be myopic than others (Saw et al., 1996). However educational attainment is related to intellect which is strongly influenced by genes, therefore the use-abuse theory should not be solely considered as an environmental factor (Dirani et al., 2008b). Differences in myopia prevalence between the old and new generations also suggest that myopia is more likely to be influenced by environmental changes, such as increased near work like surfing the internet, rather than genetic changes. However, even in these modern times with a high incidence of myopia, there are individuals that do not develop myopia. This supports the theory of influential interaction between genetics and environment factors i.e. some individuals are genetically predisposed that makes them more susceptible to develop myopia due to environmental risk factors, such as near work (Lyhne et al., 2001). Gene-environment interaction In this theory it is assumed that myopia results from both genetic and environmental factors. This means that in the parental generation, those that have myopia genes may not develop myopia due to lack of exposure to environmental risk factors and those that have no myopia genes but are exposed to the environmental risk may become myopic. Therefore this makes it very difficult to study the potential impact of this theory, particularly where there are large changes in the environment and prevalence of myopia between old and new generations (Morgan et al., 2005). Saw et al. (2001) found that although a gene-environment interaction may exist for myopia, the association between near work and myopia is different for children with no, one or two myopic parents. The study found that children can be classified as high or low-risk depending on if parental myopia exists e.g. those with two myopic parents and high environmental exposure have a significatntly higher chance of developing myopia compared to those on the opposite scale. However, it is not known whether family history is a factor due mainly to inheritance or to common lifestyle, nor is it known how inheritance might interact with nearwork (Goss, 2000). In 2001 Lyhne et al. performed a study to investigate the genetic and environmental impact on myopia. The study found a strong heritability value for myopia but no significant environmental impact. Other studies have also explored the complex gene-environment theory but have not found any conclusive results (Zadnik et al., 1994; Saw et al., 2001). Many studies looking at the potential interaction between genes and environment use a classic quantitative method to analyse their results. This method does not take into account the potential influence of gene-environment interactions. Therefore to get a true quantitative estimation of interaction the model needs to include a very large population sample with reliable information on early life environmental encounters, such as study habits (Lyhne et al., 2001). However, the environment may have a significant influence, especially when you compare the increasing prevalence of myopia with the modern world where there is better educational, increasing computer usage and mobile phones etc. The gene-environment interaction theory needs to be investigated further to help understand the relative influence of individual factors and how they work together. DISCUSSION It is generally accepted that myopia is a complex disease and its increasing prevalence is becoming a more significant public health problem; there is the social impact of visual disability and economic impact of treatment costs. This has instigated many research projects to help identify underlying mechanisms influencing myopia onset and progression. Current mapping techniques include linkage-analysis and association studies Credibility of  Mapping Techniques Each has its own advantages and researchers tend to use a combination of mapping techniques to help identify myopia loci and study potential disease genes. Many myopia loci have been identified and candidate genes have been suggested, but no specific genes have been identified to cause myopia. Results from family studies and twin studies have suggested there is a strong genetic influence in myopia development. However, the genes involved in complex or multi-factorial diseases are difficult to identify and their influence may be affected by unrelated genes and environment (Young, 2004). Therefore when selecting samples for studies care needs to be taken to ensure any discrepancies are kept to a minimum and taken into account when interpreting results. Other factors such as environment have also been implicated in the development of myopia, especially when looking at results from animal studies. The main environmental risk factor is considered to be increasing near work but there are possibly other environmental aspects to also consider such as personality, social and cultural factors. Understanding each factor in association to myopia will help further understand the environmental influence and the extent of interaction between genes and environment. This gives rise to the gene-environment theory which is very difficult to study. This is because myopia is a complex disease where several different influential factors may need to be taken into consideration when performing a study. Again much more investigative research is required to understand and add substance to this theory. In 2003 the 13-year Human Genome Project was completed and identified approximately all the genes in the human DNA. Currently analysis of the data is continuing through many research projects. Further advancements in genetic research and technology will definitely benefit the human population and hopefully ongoing research will eventually give us a much better insight into the underlying mechanisms of myopia development. This will in turn help determine the relative influence between genetics and environment, and eventually help develop better therapies to manage myopia.

Essay --

The very definition of child pornography is difficult in a legal sense. Material that classifies as child pornography is subjective to many variables that are to be considered including what defines a â€Å"child†, the mode of material, and the way in which the material is used (Gillespie, 2010). The article Legal Definition of Child Pornography by Alisdair Gillespie discusses how difficult it is in this day and age to put parameters around a concise definition of child pornography. We live in a world that is technologically advanced, which makes it difficult to devise an exact explanation of child pornography because of the abilities to manipulate and create materials that may or may not actually depict a â€Å"real† child. Child pornography laws are a recent concept created out of the obscenity law of the 1970’s. However, these laws may need to be redefined in order to apply to our world today. Child pornography may be difficult to identify. In the 1960’s, Supreme Court Justice Stewart coined the phrase â€Å"I know it when I see it†, a legal phrase which is actually still used today. Although, this statement was in reference to obscene material in an adult pornography case, Jacobeellis v. Ohio, Justice Stewart explained that not all issues can be definitively defined, but there are some issues that do not require a specific definition in order to know what actions the law should be taking (Gillespie, 2010). The Internet poses great challenges to the law because of global involvement. Communication and distribution across boarders has made it impossible for a consistent definition of child pornography, which creates a weak foundation in combating this heinous crime. Gillespie addresses identifying factors that define what child pornography i... ...oses? This is the difficulty for law enforcement and as such, some offenders may fall through the cracks of justice. Gillespie has presented a very interesting analysis on defining child pornography. The article appears strong and I believe he has raised fervent arguments about the complexity of putting parameters around the definition of child pornography. He discussed three important variables in identifying child pornography and the problems that are associated with them. I did not find this article to exhibit any points of weakness, possibly because most of the evidence presented was insightful. Gillespie’s article helped me to acknowledge the tremendous difficulty law enforcement personnel have when it comes to defining child pornography. There is a fine line between what is legal and what it not and the complexities of this issue will continue in the future.

What Could Have Been... :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As I started down the long, narrow, hallway I felt my heart beating faster and my stomach rising into my throat. With much difficulty I kept my head up and my eyes forward, trying desperately to not view inside any of the rooms to the left or right. The hospital smell was stronger then ever and every little noise seemed as loud as thunder...almost like I had two water glasses up to my ears that just echoed every sound. Suddenly I’m stopped dead in my tracks by an orderly who senses that I’m lost or at least having trouble finding whatever it is that I was looking for. She was very sweet, and we probably conversed for a good 3 minutes, but no matter how hard I try I cannot remember one word that we exchanged. It’s almost like I had a conversation with her in my sleep and the second I walked past her it was like a dream, which I was barely able to remember. Well I guess I should explain where I am and why I’m here before I continue with m y story...we’ll go back to 3 hours ago, that should catch you up to speed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Shit Sean your such a dumb ass, how could you forget the tap? How the hell are we supposed to get into a keg without a fucking tap? So now what do you suppose we do...get a nail gun and poke holes through it and get the whole 30 people at our party straws? I can’t rely on you to do anything right!†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Jesus Kim, I’m sorry, I just forgot, kill me why don’t you...I’m sorry I’m sorry I’m sorry, what else can I say? Instead of sitting here and lecturing me about it why don’t you just get off your ass and come with me to find one?†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"No Sean, your on your own here, that was your only job, and I think you can handle it yourself, I have a ton of stuff to get ready here at the house.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fine!†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fine!†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the door slammed I ran into the kitchen to start getting things ready for our little get together that my brother and I had been planning since our parents told us about their little trip to NYC for the weekend. The worst part about all of this is that I could have really cared less about the party, I have been in college for 2 years now, and sitting around and getting drunk really wasn’t unexplored territory.

Negative effects of homeschooling Essay

An average day in the life of a 10 year old consists of waking up, eating breakfast, and going to school followed by coming home to their loving families at the end of the day. Would this routine seem complete without going to school involved? In some cases children are not sent to a public school, but taught at home by one of their parents or both. Without being sent to mingle with peers, the child most defiantly misses out on important skills and lessons one can only learn while interacting with other people their age. Crucial life lessons, social skills, and specific aspects of education can be missed out on as a home schooled child. An important aspect to remember if considering home schooling as an option is that the most successful parents who home school are school teachers and not stay at home moms. Even in this situation there is no way that a one person teaching system could even begin to compare to the wisdom, intelligence and experience one can get in a high school setting. Without the variety of influences from teachers there are a few gaps left in a child’s education. With only one influence, they will not have a broad view of the world due to the fact that anything they’ve ever learned of heard an opinion of is from one person. Isn’t education all about learning about all sorts of the view points out there in the real world? In most cases parents may home school their child in order to protect them from the horrible world of peer pressure and bad influences. Although a parent with a child nearing the schooling age would probably think this is a wonderful idea. They most likely do not realize that this is thinking short-term and not considering the long-term negative effects missing out on these experiences may be to a child. In a classroom children learn to follow orders from one who is in charge; sitting quietly and doing what their told is very important in ones life. Out on the playground they learn how to socialize with others their age and begin building sturdy friendships with others who share the same interests. The idea of staying at home learning by themselves is obviously not providing a child with any kind of social situation once so ever. Naturally not all school experiences are fun. It is a giving that in a public school there will be taunting and other unfortunate behavior from other kids. Learning on their own how to deal with  these experiences is extremely important in the grown up world. Without knowing how to cope with emotions and never experiencing the real world it could be extremely difficult learning how to handle other people. Going to college and getting a job would be made more difficult then it has to be. Among all the choices one can make for their kids, why would a parent chose to deprive them of important life skills and a quality education? The idea of â€Å"going to school† is a relevant building block in any person’s life. Not being at school learning with peers is missing out on very important aspects of childhood. Getting familiar with the ideas of how the world works is necessary to having a successful life. Schools are like a little community for children where they grow, learn and adapt to the many challenges life may put ahead of them.

Tuna Industry in Philippines

With the Philippine seas south of Mindanao already over fished, local tuna producers have looked beyond the country’s fishing grounds for their operations. Marfenio Tan, former president of the Socsksargen Federation of Fishing and Allied Industry (SFFAI), continues to reminisce the days when they had to bury tons of tuna catches on the beaches because there were simply abundant supplies and demand could not cope, if not non-existent. During the stretch when the industry became the single top dollar earner commodity for Mindanao, several companies had also emerged, especially in the late 1980s and early 1990s. But the industry is going full circle again following the 2008 global collapse of several financial institutions and renewed oil price crisis. Fishing is a PhP50 billion industry in the Philippines, contributing about 4% of the country’s GNP. With an annual production volume of 2. 4 million metric tons of fish, it directly provides livelihood and employment to over one million Filipinos Tuna have high commercial value post-harvest technology equipment needed to prolong the shelf-life of tuna and other species of fish, are made available, thus playing a vital role for trading and other post harvest activities. The proximity of the city to tuna-rich fishing grounds including the Moro gulf, Sulu Sea, Mindanao Sea and adjacent Celebes Sea which are known centers of tuna abundance, is great advantage. As of September of the previous year alone, the total catch has reached a voluminous 5,031, 866 kilos where ‘sashimi† grade adult tuna comprises 35 % or about 1,774,922 kilos. The locally distributed adult tuna for local consumption ate the largely 65% chunk and distributed to neighboring cities of Davao, Bukidnon, Cagayan de Oro, Surigao, South Cotabato and as far Japan and the U. S. skipjack for canned markets in Europe and North America. The tuna sector accounts for 12 percent of total fish production and employs about 120,000 workers. Tuna industry contributes: government pursues a free trade agreement (FTA) with the Euopean Union (EU), only the tuna industry is bound to benefit from it. 24% tuna sector shipments in the tariffs in Europe Accourding to sir Soriano, tuna from the Ph ilippines are being shipped within 24 hours to anywhere in the world. * Frozen * Large tax incentives * Fast money return -Industry data showed that exports of fresh and canned tuna reached $284 million in 2011. The Board of Investments (BOI) has approved tax incentives for a P120-million expansion project of a GenSan-based tuna firm that produces choice portions of tuna for export. The expansion will start commercial operations in February, 2013, and is expected to generate jobs. It will help boost the country’s tuna exports. Currently, tuna catch here is about 1,000 metric tons daily and earns export revenues of about $300 million annually. It is the leading supplier of canned tuna, high value sashimi tuna and tuna steaks to the Japanese, European and American markets.

Professional Nursing Mission Statement Essay

This Professional Nursing Mission Statement describes the professionalism a nurse needs to perform excellent care in the health environment. The Mission also demonstrates different aspects of nursing and what nurses are to look forward to now and into the future. A. Functional Differences Board of Nursing has an authoritive role in nursing. They are made up of professionals that make up rules so the nurse is aware of what is allowed or not allowed in their scope of practice. Theses rules may differ from state to state but primarily, their focus is to protect the public from people who practice nursing without the appropriate qualifications. State Board of Nursing has the authority to rescind and reissue licenses. Board of Nursing also decides on penalizing action against a nurse who has a complaint or lawsuit against them (Villaceran, 2007). The State of Hawaii board of nursing purpose generally claims just the same. It claims that anyone posing as a nurse must show proof ‘in order to safeguard life and health’ (Hawaii Revised Statute Chapter 457 – Nurses, 2013). A professional nurses organization, or PNO, such as the American Nurses Association for example, was generated to direct a licensed nurse on how to present him or herself in an ethical manner. Although it is not law, it should be practice as a guide to uphold the integrity of the nurse (American Nurses Association, 2001). PNO defines the nurse Code of Ethics and the Scope of Practice. They also explains what a nurse is and promote professionalism. PNO may be involved with research to improve the quality of patient care as well as be apart of the political decision-making to endorse them (Sauls, 2013). B. Nursing Code Example A nursing code of ethics is a good place to start with to guide any nurse to become a great healthcare provider. American Nurses Association, also known as ANA, Code of Ethics gives ideas on how one may want to envision themselves as a respected nurse with values. It identifies how a nurse may want to carry themselves in the workplace with quality and good integrity. ANA provision 1 seems to define what a nurse is all about. It describes the nurse as student nurses were taught to be in nursing school. Practicing  human dignity keeps nurses in good standing with the Gallup polls. In 2008, Gallup polls showed that 84% of the people see nurses as the most ethical. This is the highest amongst other occupations (Cherry, 2011). Generating a relationship with the patient is inevitable. There’s no way a nurse can do their job without first establishing a relationship with the patient. The question is, will a nurse generate a good relationship as oppose to a bad one? To give good car e, the nurse and the patient is in need to be on the same page where the patient is made to feel as they are the one in charge of their care. So, if a patient does not feel like getting up to work with physical therapy the nurse should grant their wishes. Nurses should not ‘force’ patients to do things the patient does not want to do. The nurse should first encourage the patient that it is important to take their daily medications or encourage them to get up for physical therapy, for example. If they continue to refuse, the patient should have the sense of control of their care by not feeling ‘threatened’ for not wanting to take their medication or getting up for physical therapy. But, allowing the patient to set a plan for their day may have the patient more cooperative and less stressed. ANA code of ethics provision 5 is a code that states: ‘the nurse owes the same duties as others, including the responsibility to preserve integrity and safety, and maintain competence, and to continue personal and professional growth.’ (American Nurses Association, 2001). Moral self-respect is required to carry out this code; not only to ones self but to the patient as well. It is a good start to establish trust. Moral respect should also be practice to the individuals in the interdisciplinary team involved. Moral self-respect is key to keep self-esteem and respect to others. It keeps the feeling of unity in a patients care. Having a good rapport with the interdisciplinary team will keep the all on the same page as far as patient care. With the every changing healthcare systems and updated research, nurses are in constant need to keep up for the sake of keeping the patient up to date with healthcare technology (Amcee, 2003). This requires ongoing classes of not only updated technology but with competency as well. If the interdisciplinary team and peers are aware of this, this will boost trust and respect for the educated nurse. C. Professional traits The ANA Code of Ethics discusses many professional traits. Although all are very important and continuously need to be practiced, the professional trait of Collaboration is essential for the interdisciplinary team to practice as well (American Nurses Association, 2001). Collaboration is the job description of any disciplinary team. It is valuable for all individuals to be apart of the care of the patient. Each member of the team gives valuable information from his or her expertise resulting in a holistic plan of care. Another professional trait the nurse to advocate to the interdisciplinary team is to respect the patients right to self-determination while admitted in their care. Every patient needs to be apart of their care and should be able to claim what they want or do not want in their plan of care (American Nurses Association, 2001). This would give the patient a sense of control in their care and their life. Delegation is the third professional trait that is essential to the in terdisciplinary team in order to give appropriate and timely care to the patient (American Nurses Association, 2001). The interdisciplinary team all has his or her own unique specialty that will allow the patient to receive individual care they are requiring. Patients put their lives into the hands of the physician everyday. They trust that they will be taken care of as if they were the only patients the physician possesses. The nurses and staff are an extension of the physician. Everyone taking care of patients has an obligation to continue that integrity the patient has already upheld in the physician. This is why provision 5 in the Code of Ethics should be practiced. This fourth professional trait allows the patient the feeling of respect and dignity. This sense will allow them to have faith in the nursing team and the healthcare system that they will have the best care possible (American Nurses Association, 2001). D. Recommended resource Jean Watson established in 1978 the Theory of Human Caring. Watson introduces the 10 ‘carative’ (or caring) factors that support her theory. They are: 1. The formation of humanistic-altruistic system of values 2. The instillation of faith-hope 3. The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to others 4. Thedevelopment of a helping-trusting relationship 5. The promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings 6. The systematic use of the scientific problem-solving method of decision making 7. The promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning 8. The provision for a supportive, protective, and (or) corrective mental, physical, sociocultural and spiritual environment 9. Assistance with the gratification of human needs 10. The allowance of existential-phenomenological forces  (Nursing Theories, 2012). D1. Theory in Professional Practices Jean Watsons Theory of Human Caring is essential in patient care. Being in the hospital, away from family and literally laying your life in the hands of a stranger cannot be easy. Human caring and showing compassion and empathy can possibly decrease stress and allow patients to focus on healing and be compliant with their care. If patients feel good about their care they’ll be more involved with their care. Using the environment of a Skilled Nursing Facility, as an example, where the healing process may take longer than expected, following the 10 ‘caratives’ in the Theory of Human Caring will not only show quality care but give the patient a pleasant hospital experience for the remainder of their stay E. Contributions Lillian Wald was known for her works in the public health nursing. She believed that the caring for the patient should start before they end up in the clinic. She encouraged the importance of disease prevention and taught health education. She provided well-baby care and treated minor illness in her main clinic named Henry Street Settlement House (Cherry, 2011). Lillian Wald emphasized the significance of prevention. A practice that continues to be reiterated everywhere. As seen in commercials or billboards or even on the radio, prevention is key to a long, healthy lifestyle. When patients leave the hospital, discharge education is vital to making sure they are capable to care for themselves and, hopefully, bring down the numbers of hospital visits. F. Scenario One principle I safeguarded for a patient was respect for autonomy.  Sometimes patients are admitted into the hospital for something as simple as daily intravenous antibiotics. They are independent with all of their activities of daily living. Sometimes these patients are intertwined with other patients in shared rooms. These independent patients, because of their alertness, should be able to be in a private room. These patients are not only of low acuity, but these patients will be happier not being around sicker patients. Happier patients means good rating for us. On the other hand, there are times when patients are admitted as stable yet confused. The second principle I safeguarded for a patent was non-maleficence. Because these patients are not in control of their thoughts or actions they are required to be supervised more closely than others. Patients who are at risk of getting hurt by getting out of bed without assistance can cause nurses to be of concerned. These patients can easily be put in a wheelchair and ‘hang out’ with the nurses at the nurses station for continuous supervision from, not only of the team nurse but, all staff. This would allow more eyes on the patient bringing down the risks of injury. This will also prevent more invasive means like using physical or chemical restraints.