Setting up a new refinery in Panama Research Paper

Setting up a new refinery in Panama - Research Paper Example A production plant processes the feedstock of a refinery. A depot, tank farm, is usually located near or at a petroleum refinery and it stores bulk of liquid products. A refinery is considered as a vital part of the downstream end of the petroleum industry. There are very important and major roles played by refineries in development of countries, regions and the world as a whole. Professionals in this field are cognizant of the reality that natural resources are scarce, the importance and desire for practices that are sustainable. They also reckon the need for social fairness in the use of these limited resources. They are therefore tasked with the leading role in designing, planning, building and securing a sustainable future. Refineries act as link between natural resources and the consumer. In their capacity, oil planners must continuously take part in multidisciplinary teams often with other professionals, such as economists, sociologists, and ecologists to address the issues and challenges of sustainable natural resource development. They should therefore advocate economic principles that recognize our environment and natural resources as capital assets. The largest chunk of Panama’s trade transactions take place in the Colon Free Trade zone, the biggest free trade zoned in the world. From the estimates of the Colon Zone Management, this trade region has accounted for 92% of Panama’s exports and 64% imports in during 2007. In 1982, Panama entered into a Bilateral Investment Treaty with the United States. This agreement has been put in place to protect the United States private investment in Panama and also help it in developing its economy. In addition, Panama and the US signed an FTA agreement in 2007 and are under implementation. The United States is by far the principal trade partner of Panama. It accounts for about a third of Panama’s imports and exports. Panama’s major trade partners according to CIA reports for 2009 are as follows: Exports Imports United States 39.2% United States 29.6% Netherlands 10.7% Costa Rica 5% Costa Rica 5.8% China 5% Sweden 5.4% Japan 4.2% The main exports from Panama are; B ananas, Coffee, Shrimp, Sugar and Clothing. The nation is highly dependent of consumer and capital goods. The trade situation has improved significantly owing to the endeavor to expand the Panama Canal that has been under construction since 2007. The project is estimated to be $5.3 billion and is expected to continue the revamping on the trade sector. The number one agricultural export- predominantly controlled by foreigners is bananas. It is followed by shrimp. Panama experienced a decline in exports of about 11% from 1997 to 1998. This was caused by quotas imposed by the EU on banana exports and that banana exports contribute a fifth of all exports. The Free Trade Zone has increased the light industry exports, manufacturing and clothing textiles. On the other hand, Panama has experienced competition from Mexico starting 1996 and has experienced stunted growth since 1998 due to protective tariffs imposed on the country. COUNTRY EXPORTS IMPORTS BALANCE United States 354 1,117 -763 S weden 62 25 37 Costa Rica 41 119 -78 Mexico 24 133 -109 Guatemala 21 62 -41 Spain 13 61 -48 Japan 12 186 -174 Colombia 9 116 -107 Ecuador 4 243 -239 Venezuela 4 222 -218 Foreign firm investment in Panama A foreign firm seeking investment in a large firm would be at an advantage

Reservoirs of Infection Essay Example for Free

Reservoirs of Infection Essay Nasal carriage is the principal reservoir, and nasal colonization of the individual patient is the harbinger of subsequent infection. Healthcare workers are propounded to be potential reservoirs. Hand carriage and nasal carriage both are responsible, and they can be transient or persistent. For healthcare workers, the environment of care may function as a reservoir of colonization and infection. The body sites of the patients in the care units may specifically colonize bacteria. These include respiratory tract, any site on the skin such as surgical sites, burns, pressure sores, tracheotomy sites, sites of other foreign bodies, and normal skin, and the perineum and the rectum. In these settings, nasal swabs are inadequate, and culture of the wounds, tracheostomy sites, and sputum may be useful. Environmental contamination in a hospital has been known reservoirs, and virtually any surface, appliance, and instruments in the care setting may be suspected, but they seem to play insignificant roles in transmission of infection (Graffunder, E.M. and Venezia, R. A. , 2002). Modes of Transmission: The principal mode of transmission within an institution is from one colonized or infected patient to another via the hands of the healthcare workers, even though he or she is transiently colonized. Hospital acquired pneumonia that happens with MRSA is thought to be transmitted through air-borne infection (Graffunder, E. M. and Venezia, R. A. , 2002). Control: Handwashing is a time-honoured principle of routine infection prevention and control and is considered to be effective in eliminating transient hand contamination with MRSA and other pathogens acquired from patients or the environment. A simple 10-second hand wash with soap and water can ascertain absence of the bacteria from the contaminated hands in most of the cases. However, povidone iodine or alcohol is better washing agent (Graffunder, E. M. and Venezia, R. A. , 2002). Prescription: Decreasing broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy can reduce the risk of MRSA. Nursing workloads need to be maintained as reasonable level so as to maintain standard hygiene that reduces chances of infection. Drugs, such as, vancomycin is indicated in uncomplicated cases of MRSA. The other antibiotics that are recommended are tetracyclines or cotrimoxazole. Minocycline is also active against MRSA. Linezolid is recommended in skin and soft tissue infections caused by MRSA. Clindamycin is also an effective antibiotic, and a combination of rifampicin and fusidic acid and daptomycin have been found to be effective in such cases (Gemmell, C. G. et al. , 2006), (French, G. L. , (2006). Conclusion: MRSA is a threat, and this threat has been caused by the genetic make up of the bacteria and iatrogenic reasons. Strict hygienic measures in the healthcare facilities, awareness of this threat by the healthcare professionals, and appropriate management of MRSA infection along with surveillance still can reduce the spread and epidemic nature of these infections. References Brown, D. B. J. et al. , (2005).Guidelines for the laboratory diagnosis and susceptibility testing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on behalf of the Joint Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Hospital Infection Society and Infection Control Nurses Association. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. ; 56: 1000 1018. Enright, M. C. et al. , (2002). The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). PNAS,; 99: 7687 7692. French, G. L. , (2006). Bactericidal agents in the treatment of MRSA infections—the potential role of daptomycin. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. ; 58: 1107 1117. Gemmell, C. G. et al. , (2006). Guidelines for the prophylaxis and treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in the UK on behalf of the Joint Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Hospital Infection Society and Infection Control Nurses Association. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. ; 57: 589 608. Graffunder, E. M. and Venezia, R. A. , (2002). Risk factors associated with nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection including previous use of antimicrobials. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. ; 49: 999 1005. Huang, H. et al. , (2006). Comparisons of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Hospital-Associated MSRA Infections in Sacramento, California. J. Clin. Microbiol. ; 44: 2423 2427. Johnson, A. P. , Pearson, A. , and Duckworth, G. , (2005). Surveillance and epidemiology of MRSA bacteraemia in the UK. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. ; 56: 455 462. Millar, B. C. , Prendergast, B. D. , and Moore, J. E. , (2008). Community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA): an emerging pathogen in infective endocarditis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. ; 61: 1 7.

Vascular Epiphytes of Far North Queensland :: Botany Plants Nature Essays

Vascular Epiphytes of Far North Queensland There are several definitions of epiphytic plants, each with a subtle difference. Heywood (1993) states that an epiphyte is, "A plant that grows on the surface of another, without deriving food from its host". Raven (1992) states that an epiphyte is, "a plant that grows on another plant, but is not parasitic on it." Basically, a plant that derives its physical support from another plant (host = phorophyte (Luttge 1989)) is an epiphyte. Epiphytes fill important ecological niches in variety of habitats. Epiphytic species can exist as 50% of the tree leaf mass and make up 30% to 50% of vascular plant diversity in tropical forests (Benzing 1990). It is thought that the epiphytic diversity in tropical forests allows an increased fauna diversity. Epiphytic species, while not agronomically important, play intricate roles in ecology. HISTORY Columbus wrote the first known documentation of an epiphytic species. Martinus de la Cruz, an Aztec Indian physician, illustrated the first epiphyte (an orchid) in the Badianus Manuscript in 1552. Trade around the world by the 1770's included many exotic and tropical plants with epiphytic species among them. Orchids, ferns and others were valued by decorators and collectors (Benzing 1990). Scientific interest did not keep pace with trade interest. The scientific study of epiphytes has not been extensive when compared to the study of plants with other specializations, ie. carnivory. Within recent years, due to increased interest in rainforest preservation, an increase in epiphytic study and resulting literature has occurred. EVOLUTION Epiphytes have evolved to take advantage of resources not widely available to other plants. Epiphytes have evolved a variety of morphological and physiological differences to deal with difficulty in mineral absorption, photosynthesis, propagation, water acquisition and water retention. There are two basic theories on the evolution of epiphytes. The first theory indicates that epiphytes may have been shade adapted plants, struggling for light that moved into the canopy. The second theory suggests that plants preadapted to high sun exposure moved from dry savannahs and steppes into the canopy (Luttge 1989). The fossil record does not provide any support for either theory mentioned above. Plant and pollen fossils thought to belong to current day plant families containing epiphytes, can't be labeled epiphytic because the ancient habitats of the plants can't be readily observed. Other research has proposed that epiphytic diversity arose from the Pleistocene / Pliocene ages (roughly 1.

History Of Pop Music Essay

The term â€Å"pop song† is first recorded as being used in 1926, in the sense of a piece of music â€Å"having popular appeal†. Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. Pop is short for popular, and it’s remained the defining term for the ever-changing music favoured by the public. Although not specifically applied until the middle of the 20th century, pop music as such can be traced by a few decades before that. Things changed with the advent of recording, early in the 20th century. With that, music had the chance to be much more widely disseminated. Records, played at 78 rpm on wind-up gramophones, were relatively cheap. In America, that led to a breed of professional songwriters in New York who wrote pieces intended to be recorded and sell well – Tin Pan Alley. They were largely hacks, but did produce some beautiful material. The first major pop stars as such were the crooners of the 1930s and ’40s. Bing Crosby sold millions of records, as did Frank Sinatra (arguably the first modern pop star, with screaming teenage female fans – the bobbysoxers), and in Britain, Al Bowly. Curiously, pop music charts as such didn’t exist until 1952, when the first Top Twenty was recorded. It came at an interesting time, as â€Å"teenagers† really came into being. Historically there’d been no transitional period between childhood and adulthood. Now, after World War II, that seemed to begin, imported from America, and in skiffle, an interpretation of American folk music (personified by Lonnie Donegan), teens found their music. Rock’n’roll brought much more of that, and Elvis Presley became a global star, the biggest of the late 1950s and early 1960s. But he would find himself supplanted by the Beatles, who revolutionised pop by writing their own material, instigating a fashion that remains undiminished. The Beatles set the standard for pop music, and it remains undiminished – Beatlesque has become a standard descriptive adjective. From 1962 until their break up in 1970 they dominated the charts in Britain and America. The Beatles influenced a generation – more than one, really – with their melodies and harmonies, and that was apparent in the 1970s, when pop careened through several styles, from the Glam Rock of T.  Rex to the raw fire of punk. But the biggest pop star to emerge from the period was a singer and pianist, Elton John, whose popularity has remained constant. The idea of artists writing their own material remained in the wake of the Fab Four, although professional songwriters stayed in demand for those unable to pen a tune. From the early days of rock there had been â€Å"manufactured† stars – people taken on board for a pretty face rather than any innate talent, and made into stars by producers. It had happened to Adam Faith, Alvin Stardust and many others, most of whom only enjoyed short careers. The 1980s proved a moribund decade for pop. Styles came and went, but it was an era short on memorable music. Only Wham! (and later George Michael) emerged as true pop stars. The 1990s was the time of boy bands, perhaps the ultimate in manufactured acts. A group of young male singers was assembled for their looks, given catchy songs and arrangements and pushed to fame. It happened to East 17 and, most memorably, Take That. America saw how it worked and gave the world the Backstreet Boys and ‘N Sync, and for a few years it worked very well, selling millions of records. But like any fashion, it passed. A female version, the Spice Girls, was briefly huge. Notably, the only ones to come out of this and sustain a solo career was Robbie Williams from Take That and Justin Timberlake from ‘N Sync. America tried a similar tactic with female pop stars, and both Mariah Carey and Britney Spears became massive manufactured stars, followed, to a lesser degree, by Christina Aguilera.

Mi Ultimo Adios Essay

Mi Ultimo Adios was the farewell poem of Rizal that originally had no title and was unsigned. This was believed as Rizal’s last will because he wrote it on the night before he was executed. Also through this poem, Rizal was giving his last message to his countrymen. For him, offering his life was the best way he could show his love for the country. Even he was going to die, he was not resentful instead he challenged the each of the Filipinos to serve and love our country. However he was also hopeful that his death would serve as inspiration to everyone. He encouraged the youth to continue to dream and fulfill it. The poem ‘My Last Farewell’ was Jose Rizal’s patriotic goodbyes, first to his country, his family and above all to his Heavenly Father. To his country he said, ‘With gladness do I give you my life.’ He tried to comfort his parents and dear ones with these lines: ‘I’ll go where there are no slaves, tyrants or hangmen; where faith does not kill and where God alone does reign.’ The last line of the poem says: ‘To die is to rest.’ Mi Ultimo Adios was the farewell poem of Rizal that originally had no title and was unsigned. This was believed as Rizal’s last will because he wrote it on the night before he was executed. Also through this poem, Rizal was giving his last message to his countrymen. For him, offering his life was the best way he could show his love for the country. Even he was going to die, he was not resentful instead he challenged the each of the Filipinos to serve and love our country. However he was also hopeful that his death would serve as inspiration to everyone. He encouraged the youth to continue to dream and fulfill it. The poem ‘My Last Farewell’ was Jose Rizal’s patriotic goodbyes, first to his country, his family and above all to his Heavenly Father. To his country he said, ‘With gladness do I give you my life.’ He tried to comfort his parents and dear ones with these lines: ‘I’ll go where there are no slaves, tyrants or hangmen; where faith does not kill and where God alone does reign.’ The last line of the poem says: ‘To die is to rest.’ Reference: http://kwentongebabuhayrizal.blogspot.com/2013/05/rizals-poem-my-last-farewell.html

Free Essays on Action That Leads To Satisfaction

Action that Leads to Satisfaction As Herbert Spencer eloquently puts it â€Å"The great aim of education is not knowledge but action.† Aspiring students for universities begin and plan their future long before applications are sent in. There are many intelligent people, who lack degrees and bachelors, that do not live financially stable. To reach the full potential of an education and live financially stable, students must make sacrifices and important decisions. Such decisions that are well deliberated and sacrifices that put work before play. In the long road to success, those judgments create responsible habits and a steady future. A student with goals in mind carries a confident attitude. As soon as a student is willing to educate himself, he can act in response to future goals. Many characteristics of a leader, are the same that are found within a dedicated student. Patience, responsibility, and self-determination are the essentials to maintaining a positive frame of mind. It is extremely important that the parents take an active role in the child‘s learning and instill good study habits and influence a child to learn. Within the first five years, the child begins and learns the rudiments of an education. This attitude is carried with the child throughout his academic career. The process of becoming well educated is long and tedious, and begins around the time the student steps foot into middle school. While there, more independence is given to the student with the options of choosing from a catalog of courses. Electives can provide a creative outlet, such as art and music, or can help you in t he business world internationally, such as Spanish or French. In high school, students study long and work hard to be accepted into the university of their choice. High school students actively participate to plan out their future. Students are well aware of what the requirements are for certain colleges and what is ne... Free Essays on Action That Leads To Satisfaction Free Essays on Action That Leads To Satisfaction Action that Leads to Satisfaction As Herbert Spencer eloquently puts it â€Å"The great aim of education is not knowledge but action.† Aspiring students for universities begin and plan their future long before applications are sent in. There are many intelligent people, who lack degrees and bachelors, that do not live financially stable. To reach the full potential of an education and live financially stable, students must make sacrifices and important decisions. Such decisions that are well deliberated and sacrifices that put work before play. In the long road to success, those judgments create responsible habits and a steady future. A student with goals in mind carries a confident attitude. As soon as a student is willing to educate himself, he can act in response to future goals. Many characteristics of a leader, are the same that are found within a dedicated student. Patience, responsibility, and self-determination are the essentials to maintaining a positive frame of mind. It is extremely important that the parents take an active role in the child‘s learning and instill good study habits and influence a child to learn. Within the first five years, the child begins and learns the rudiments of an education. This attitude is carried with the child throughout his academic career. The process of becoming well educated is long and tedious, and begins around the time the student steps foot into middle school. While there, more independence is given to the student with the options of choosing from a catalog of courses. Electives can provide a creative outlet, such as art and music, or can help you in the business world internationally, such as Spanish or French. In high school, students study long and work hard to be accepted into the university of their choice. High school students actively participate to plan out their future. Students are well aware of what the requirements are for certain colleges and what is ne...

Noise Distraction

Noise Distraction Are you distracted by noise? Some students struggle to pay attention in class and other study areas because small background noises interfere with their concentration. Background noise does not affect all students in the same way. There are a few factors that may determine whether noise distraction is a problem for you. Noise Distraction and Learning Styles Three of the most commonly recognized learning styles are visual learning, tactile learning, and auditory learning. It is important to discover your own prominent learning style to determine how to study most effectively, but its also important to know your learning style in order to recognize potential problems. Studies have shown that auditory learners are most distracted by background noise. But how will you know if you are an auditory learner? Auditory learners often: Talk to themselves while reading or studyingMove their lips while readingAre better at speaking than writingSpell better out loudHave difficulty visualizing thingsCant follow conversations when the TV is onCan mimic songs and tunes well If you feel that these traits describe your personality, you may need to pay special attention to your study habits and the location of your study space. Noise Distraction and Personality Type Two personality types that you may recognize are introversion and extraversion. It is important to know that these types have nothing to do with ability or intelligence; these terms merely describe the way that different people function. Some students are deep thinkers who tend to talk less than others. These are common traits of introverted students. One study has shown that noise distraction can be more harmful to introverted students than to extroverted students when it comes to study time. Introverted students can experience more difficulty understanding what they are reading in a noisy environment. Introverts typically: Like to work independentlyAre confident about their own opinionsThink deeply about thingsReflect and analyze more before acting on somethingCan focus on one thing for a long timeEnjoy readingAre happy in their own little worldHave a few deep friendships If these traits sound familiar to you, you may want to read more about introversion. You may discover that you need to adjust your study habits to cut down on the potential for noise distraction. Avoiding Noise Distraction Sometimes we dont realize how much background noise can affect our performance. If you suspect that noise interference is affecting your grades, you should consider the following recommendations. Turn off the mp3 and other music when you study: You may love your music, but its not good for you when youre reading.Stay away from the TV when doing homework: Television shows contain plots and conversations that can trick your brain into distraction when you dont even realize it! If your family watches TV at one end of the house during homework time, try to move to the other end.Buy earplugs: Small, expanding foam earplugs are available at large retail stores and auto stores. Theyre great for blocking out the noise.Consider investing in some noise-blocking earphones: This is a more expensive solution, but it might make a big difference in your homework performance if you have a serious problem with noise distraction. For more information you may consider: The Effects of Noise Distraction on SAT Scores, by Janice M. Chatto and Laura ODonnell. Ergonomics, Volume 45, Number 3, 2002,pp. 203-217.

Coal Mining in the UK During the Industrial Revolution

Coal Mining in the UK During the Industrial Revolution The state of the mines which boomed throughout the United Kingdom during the industrial revolution is a passionately argued area. It is very hard to generalize about the living and working conditions experienced in mines, as there was great regional variation and some owners acted paternalistically while others were cruel. However, the business of working down the pit was dangerous, and safety conditions were often far below par. Payment Coal miners were paid by the amount and quality of the coal they produced, and they could be fined if there was too much slack (the smaller pieces). Quality coal was what owners required, but managers determined the standards for quality coal. Owners could keep costs low by claiming the coal was of a poor quality or rigging their scales. A version of the Mines Act (there were several such acts) appointed inspectors to check the weighing systems.   Workers received a relatively high basic wage, but the amount was deceptive. A system of fines could quickly reduce their pay, as could having to buy their own candles and stoppages for dust or gas. Many were paid in tokens which had to be spent in shops created by the mine owner, allowing them to recoup the wages in profits for overpriced food and other goods.   Working Conditions Miners had to cope with hazards regularly, including roof collapses and explosions. Starting in 1851, inspectors recorded fatalities, and they found that respiratory illnesses were common and that various illnesses plagued the mining population. Many miners died prematurely. As the coal industry expanded, so did the number of deaths, Mining collapses were a common cause of death and injury.   Mining Legislation Government reform was slow to take place.  Mine owners protested these changes and claimed many of the guidelines meant to protect the workers would reduce their profits too greatly, but the laws passed during the nineteenth century, with the first Mines Act passing in 1842. Although it contained no provisions for housing or inspection. It represented a small step in the government taking responsibility for safety, age limits, and wage scales. In 1850, another version of the act required regular inspection in mines throughout the U.K. and gave the inspectors some authority in determining how the mines were run. They could fine owners, who violated the guidelines and report deaths. However, at the start, there were only two inspectors for the entire country.   In 1855, a new act introduced seven basic rules about ventilation, air shafts, and the mandatory fencing off of unused pits. It also established higher standards for signaling from the mine to  the surface, adequate breaks for the steam-powered elevators, and safety rules for steam engines. Legislation enacted in 1860 banned children under twelve from working underground and required regular inspections of the weighing systems. Unions were allowed to grow. Further legislation in 1872 increased the number of inspectors and made sure they actually had some experience in mining before they began. By the end of the nineteenth century, the industry had gone from being largely unregulated to having miners represented in Parliament through the surging Labour Party.

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 63

English - Essay Example The day; which I would cherish for my whole life. The day I was going to make the freshmen’s toast for my class, at the freshmen’s dinner, as the dean’s personal selection out of a class of hundred students. They say happiness is best enjoyed with a loved one. How immature I had been. About happiness and about loved ones. After a hurried breakfast, I had gone to meet my best friend in the entire world. As I saw her face, a memory flashed across my mind. The expression of pure joy on her face when I had told her I had been selected. She, of all people knew the uphill battle I had to face with my parents. She had been with me since we were foetuses. As the only child of award winning scientists, academic perfection is not just asked of, it is demanded. The freshman’s toast was the highest tribute bestowed on a freshman, and I knew it would finally prove to my parents that I was worthy enough to be their offspring. Looking back now, I realize the joy had been blemished by an expression that had appeared on her face for a fleeting second before being lit with delight, an ugly expression, a look of pure jealousy. We had dined together, a celebratory lunch, her treat. I remember feeling a combination of emotions, from butterflies inducing anxiety to spine tingling excitement to incredulity. She calmed me, reassured me, laughed away my doubts and did everything that I needed at the time. By the time we got done, it was time to get ready for the dinner. We spent an enjoyable hour getting ready. I was starting to feel more and more nervous as the time for me to stand up in front of a room full of my peers and their families and deliver an inspirational speech drew nearer. I remember receiving my parents and escorting them to their hotel room a few hours before the dinner. I had kept the part about me being selected to give the freshman’s toast a surprise for them. I clearly recall the mental picture

Atrial Fibrillation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Atrial Fibrillation - Essay Example AF may occur in men or women and is generally seen in the elderly population in the age group of 60 -70 years or above. As Kowey and Naccarelli points out â€Å"from an epidemiological standpoint AF is predominantly a disease of elderly individuals with cardiovascular diseases† (Kowey and Naccarelli, p.1). AF generally is not seen in the young population. The human heart consists of four chambers – the upper two chambers are known as atria while the two lower ones are known as ventricles. De-oxygenated blood containing high amounts of carbon dioxide enters the right atrium via the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava and flows into the right ventricle. The right atrium contracts to pump the rest of the blood into the right ventricle which in turn contracts to pump the blood into the lungs where the blood loses its carbon dioxide and gets fresh oxygen supply. This oxygenated blood then enters the left atrium which contracts to pump the blood into left ventricle. The left ventricle contracts to send the blood to the rest of the body. These contractions of the heart muscles occur due to an inbuilt electric supply system present in the human heart that sends out electrical signals during each heart beat. Each electrical signal starts its journey from the sino-atrial (SA) node present in the right atrium of the heart. From her e as it moves down it causes both the atria to contract thus pumping blood to the ventricles. The electrical signal then moves down to the atrio-ventricular node and via the bundle of His enter both the ventricles causing them to contract and pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. In atrial fibrillation this electrical signal arises from the nearby pulmonary veins and other parts of the right atrium instead of the SA node. These electrical signals produced are extremely irregular and generally very rapid and can range up to 350 signals per

Argumentative (Should marijuana be legalized in the U.S.) Essay

Argumentative (Should marijuana be legalized in the U.S.) - Essay Example The legalization of marijuana is the focus of contemporary debate in the US. Colorado and Washington have legalized its use and several other states appear poised to follow suit. Legal penalties for the possession of marijuana are being lifted and decriminalized. This legalization of marijuana is extremely bad for society and deserves to be strongly opposed. Marijuana should not be legalized in the US because it has adverse health effects, and legalization will increase its use and its cost burdens. Marijuana has adverse physical and mental effects, as illustrated by the health problems associated with its usage. According to the National Institute on Drug Usage, marijuana smoking affects the brain and leads to impaired short-term memory, perception, judgment and motor skills. Marijuana users also experience difficulty in concentration, trance-like states, lowered driving and other psychomotor skills, slowed reaction time, impaired goal-directed mental activity, and altered periphera l vision. In another example in the New England Journal of Medicine, 45% of reckless drivers (excluding those under the influence of alcohol), tested positive for marijuana.   Intense anxiety, panic attacks or paranoia are also seen in cases of marijuana usage. Marijuana cigarettes contain the carcinogen Benzopyrene which is linked to lung cancer. Other symptoms include airway injury, acute  and chronic bronchitis, inflamed sinuses, lung inflammation, and vulnerability to pulmonary infection. Marijuana weakens the body’s immune system and leads to decreased motivation. It affects the hormones, resulting in delayed puberty, low sperm count and menstrual disruption  (Frontline). The legalization of marijuana will increase its availability and its use. This is particularly disturbing as â€Å"Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States, with nearly 17 million Americans age 12 and older reporting past?month use, and 374,000 people entering an emer gency room annually with a primary marijuana problem† (White House web site). Legalization would naturally result in a steep fall in marijuana prices, making it affordable to more users, especially adolescents. This is illustrated by the case of gambling, tobacco and alcohol: statistics show that legalization increased use and availability. The Netherlands is a real-time example. Data from the Rand Corp. shows that, with marijuana legalization, its use â€Å"increased consistently and sharply† and tripled among young adults. Legalization â€Å"triggered commercialization† (Sabet). This result will be multiplied in America's ad-driven culture. The promise of profit will encourage aggressive marketing. Closer to home, we have the example of Alaska. Alaska legalized marijuana in the 1970’s. Subsequently, â€Å"teen marijuana use jumped to twice the national average† (CNBC). The state recriminalized marijuana in 1990.    The legalization of marijuana will increase cost burdens. The tax revenue generated through the legalization of marijuana will be off-set by higher social costs. This is again illustrated by the precedent of tobacco and alcohol. The Federal and State tax on alcohol is â€Å"less than 10 percent of the estimated $185 billion in alcohol?related costs to health care, criminal justice, and the workplace in lost productivity† (White House).   Similarly, the annual social cost of smoking lags far behind the tax revenue generated by tobacco. It is estimated that 9 percent of marijuana

2-3 paragraphs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2-3 paragraphs - Essay Example This debate on whether viruses are living or non-living continues, and challenges our very definition of what is alive and what is not. Viruses are thought to be not alive on their own, but with a potential for life if they can find a host. All living beings have a critical complexity which lets them autonomously perform metabolic functions for their own survival and since viruses lack this critical complexity, they are on the edge of life. They are not fully alive but not completely inert either, as they can affect living beings in tremendous ways. The genetic code of the Mimivirus, for instance, is extremely complex, and makes it quite similar to parasitic cellular organisms. It is in this complexity of genetical make-up that the true significance of a virus lies, because it enables the virus to program the host cells in ways that could unexpectedly change the direction of the host’s evolution as some of the virus’s genome becomes a permanent part of a host’s genome. Some of the genomes that may seem to have come into the human genetic make-up through bacteria may have actually originated in a virus. Thus, despite being on the borderline of life, the role of viruses in living beings and evolution needs to be considered at length in order to fully understand the nature of life and its

UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly. Critically evaluate this Essay

UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly. Critically evaluate this statement - Essay Example Their trade was valued approximately at ?76.78 billion in the year 2000 and had increased by 4.5% over the years (Tyler, 2011). In this study, the discussion will critically evaluate the citation that UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly. For this purpose, Tesco, Sainsbury’s, ASDA, Morrisons and Safeway will be included in the study since they are the top five supermarket chains. The Oligopoly Market According to Investopedia, â€Å"An oligopoly is much like a monopoly, in which only one company exerts control over most of a market. In an oligopoly, there are at least two firms controlling the market† (Investopedia, 2011). In the UK supermarket there are mainly three big companies that operate and control the market. These are Tesco, Sainsbury’s and ASDA. Its presence is also felt in the European market as most of the supplies of the supermarket are through these companies. The oligopoly market structure is such that there are few sellers, who control the market . Unlike the monopolistic competition, perfect competition and monopoly market, the oligopoly requires to think strategically. In oligopoly, the sellers are huge enough to have an influential affect upon the market. A seller needs to respond to its competitors’ choices, but the competitors are countering to the sellers’ choices. For instance, when Tesco responds towards the choice of Sainsbury’s, at the same time Sainsbury’s reacts to the choices of Tesco in the UK market (Ohio State University, 2000). In the oligopoly markets, there are tensions in relation to cooperation as well as self-interest in the companies such as Tesco, ASDA & Sainsbury’s in the UK. If all these companies limit their productivity, it will affect the prices that will tend to be high, but then there are possibilities of the companies to have an incentive to expand their output (Ohio State University, 2000). Strategic Decision in the Oligopoly Market The strategic decision is crucial in the case of firms that are interdependent. In the UK market’s supermarket sector Tesco, Sainsbury’s and ASDA are interdependent as they control the market in this segment. They cannot act independently; consequently they have to take into consideration the likely responses of the competitor in order to make any kind of alteration in the pricing and non-pricing activities. They develop the strategies based upon the probable reaction of the rivals (Economics Online, 2011). In the UK supermarket, Tesco, Sainsbury’s and ASDA need to decide strategically in certain aspects of the market that are listed below: Competition Strategic Decision The firms need to strategically decide whether to compete with the competitors or join together. It is tough to decide as a prediction made by the firms against the decision made by the rivals might turn out to be wrong (Economics Online, 2011). Pricing Decision The firms need to strategically decide whether to increase or decrease the price or to keep it at constant. It is difficult for the firms to decide. They generally undertake the

Entrepreneurship and small business development Essay - 1

Entrepreneurship and small business development - Essay Example In the review, I have chosen different entrepreneurs, where each displays different qualities such as motivation, leadership, invention, innovation, and change. A study of the factors that have motivated Donald Trump in the course of his business start-up Entrepreneurship is a difficult practice to start and become successful; it is highly influenced by many factors such as motivation. Motivation refers to encouragements one gets as he is doing something to be successful. It can be inform of incentives, encouraging words, and showing someone else hat you are proud of their work. Donald Trump ventured into business with his mentor, his father, who by then was a real estate dealer under Trump organization. The following is a literature review of the biography of Donald Trump, which looks at his path to success, clearly looking into what motivated him as an entrepreneur who clearly became successful in his businesses. Donald’s father, Fredric C. Trump, was an enormous influence a nd a significant motivator of Donald. Donald exemplified exquisite wok after joining his father’s company after college. In his endeavors, while working under his father’s wing, he made prodigious deals on behalf of Trump organization making his father proud. Subsequently, as a way of motivating his son, Fredrick encouraged by showing it through proud comments such as â€Å"some of my best deals were made by my son, Donald†¦.everything he touches turns to gold,†(Bio 2011). Moreover, Donald also admitted that his father was an ardent influencer in his business life; occasionally he could confess that his father was a terrific mentor as he had the opportunity to learn a lot about the construction industry, a fact that has always boosted his career in the real estate industry. Soon after, a young Donald Trump moved to Manhattan, where he started-off his business, which has continuously expanded over the years. Factors that have motivated Bill Gates in the cour se of his business start-up The following analysis consists of a review of the path Bill Gates followed on his way to success. The review is of an article detailing the motivations that saw Gates to his success as he incorporated one of the most successful companies in the world. Bill Gates faced many challenges following his drastic measure to quit Harvard University and venture into creating operating software programs for computers. However, he had various things that motivated and kept his dreams afloat such as having a strong vision. Gates, as one of the most renowned entrepreneur, in the world, had an incredible vision as he started his career. In his mind, he dreamt of every desk having a computer as one of the vital tools one needed as they work. On starting his business, in the year 1975 and 1976, Bill gates, in his operations, posted losses, but this did not deter him from pursuing his dream (Famous People 2004). Bill is an entrepreneur consumed by the hunger of making mon ey; hence, from the start this factor always motivated him at work. As an entrepreneur, he is out to acquire returns; hence, he is motivated by this fact such that, he hires the best and ensures that his employees are well rewarded. Downfalls in business are a reason as to why many companies close down, and Bill Gates’ Microsoft Company is among the many that have faced some of the backlashes such as lack of release dates of their products among other problems. However, Bills strong will and motivation

UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly. Critically evaluate this Essay

UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly. Critically evaluate this statement - Essay Example Their trade was valued approximately at ?76.78 billion in the year 2000 and had increased by 4.5% over the years (Tyler, 2011). In this study, the discussion will critically evaluate the citation that UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly. For this purpose, Tesco, Sainsbury’s, ASDA, Morrisons and Safeway will be included in the study since they are the top five supermarket chains. The Oligopoly Market According to Investopedia, â€Å"An oligopoly is much like a monopoly, in which only one company exerts control over most of a market. In an oligopoly, there are at least two firms controlling the market† (Investopedia, 2011). In the UK supermarket there are mainly three big companies that operate and control the market. These are Tesco, Sainsbury’s and ASDA. Its presence is also felt in the European market as most of the supplies of the supermarket are through these companies. The oligopoly market structure is such that there are few sellers, who control the market . Unlike the monopolistic competition, perfect competition and monopoly market, the oligopoly requires to think strategically. In oligopoly, the sellers are huge enough to have an influential affect upon the market. A seller needs to respond to its competitors’ choices, but the competitors are countering to the sellers’ choices. For instance, when Tesco responds towards the choice of Sainsbury’s, at the same time Sainsbury’s reacts to the choices of Tesco in the UK market (Ohio State University, 2000). In the oligopoly markets, there are tensions in relation to cooperation as well as self-interest in the companies such as Tesco, ASDA & Sainsbury’s in the UK. If all these companies limit their productivity, it will affect the prices that will tend to be high, but then there are possibilities of the companies to have an incentive to expand their output (Ohio State University, 2000). Strategic Decision in the Oligopoly Market The strategic decision is crucial in the case of firms that are interdependent. In the UK market’s supermarket sector Tesco, Sainsbury’s and ASDA are interdependent as they control the market in this segment. They cannot act independently; consequently they have to take into consideration the likely responses of the competitor in order to make any kind of alteration in the pricing and non-pricing activities. They develop the strategies based upon the probable reaction of the rivals (Economics Online, 2011). In the UK supermarket, Tesco, Sainsbury’s and ASDA need to decide strategically in certain aspects of the market that are listed below: Competition Strategic Decision The firms need to strategically decide whether to compete with the competitors or join together. It is tough to decide as a prediction made by the firms against the decision made by the rivals might turn out to be wrong (Economics Online, 2011). Pricing Decision The firms need to strategically decide whether to increase or decrease the price or to keep it at constant. It is difficult for the firms to decide. They generally undertake the

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Religion - Essay Example Christianity believes in the existence of one God, who is the Alfa and omega (Herbert 45). Christians believe that God is the one who made everything possible on earth after creating them in 6 days and resting on the 7th day. Buddhism on other hand is a religion which originated in Nepal, India. In Christianity, their place of worship includes: chapel, church, basilica, cathedral, personal dwellings and home bible studies (Herbert 22). For Christianity, God can be worshipped anywhere, weather in church or not. When it comes to Buddhism, places of worship include; monasteries, pagodas, nunneries and temples. It is estimated Buddhism to have existed since 2500 years ago whereas Christianity’s time of origin is estimated at 33AD (Herbert 53). In relation to the goal of religion, Buddhism aims at attaining Enlightment so as to be released from what they term as they cycle of death and rebirth in order to attain Nirvana (Herbert 67). When it comes to Christianity, the religion aims to loving God plus obeying his commandments, gets saved through Jesus Christ in order for one day to enter the Kingdom of heaven. According to Buddhism, human beings have the ability to possess anger, greed, ignorance, delusion, cravings and so many other qualities. Such individuals with negative abilities are referred in the religion as ‘fools† (Herbert 78). Buddhism preaches that those who would not have walked the Eightfold Path are those referred to as ordinary people. In contrast, in Christianity, they believe in the concept that man is always born by sin which was original created when Adam and Eve ignored God’s authority in the Garden of Eden. It is hence through salvation that’s one sin’s are washed away by the blood of Jesus. Those who would not have been saved by death will head to hell (Herbert 90). Buddhism has their God named as Brahma or Avalokitesvara whereas in Christianity, God has so many names: God, Yahweh, Gott, Dios, Gud, Eli,

Three Days to See Essay Example for Free

Three Days to See Essay Helen Keller was a very intelligent woman who was afflicted at an early age in life. Her disabilities set in on her at eighteen months. As she grew older she didn’t let her incapacity defeat her. In 1933, Keller wrote an essay entitled, â€Å"Three Days To See†. In this article Keller gives a response about what she would like to see if she were given her sight back for three days. She also speaks about what it would be like if others were to lose their sight for three days as well. The opening statement of Keller’s article reads, â€Å"I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life. Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, silence would teach him the joys of sound.† Does not this statement alone make you take the time to sit back and wonder what that type of journey would be like. Then suddenly you close your eyes and embrace all that is going on around you just to bathe in its glory for you know you have taken so much for granted Keller uses a lot of her emotions to catch your attention. It is very hard to argue with her about the situation because she makes a very relevant point. One reason is that she lives by experience. Keller lives in darkness on a day to day basis. Looking at my like, I know that I definitely take so much for granted and do not appreciate a lot of the simpler things in life. Things like the way my son son turns his head to the side and pokes his lip out and up tight to the corner on the right, giving me those puppy dog eyes with a hint of an attitude hidden behind then as he says, â€Å" uh huh!† as he agrees with me when we are joking around and I ask him a question. I now think about not being able to see my mom’s face, her smile, the laughter in her eyes. Being able to just look at her and know when she is feeling upset or in pain and not wanting to say anything. If I couldn’t see I wouldn’t be able cook or do hair, my whole life would be none existent. Keller has taken her personal experience and caused me to put a whole new outlook on life. I never thought about looking at my life in that aspect before. The way that she broke it down in such detail is amazing. She teaches you to look at life with your glass half full in a rose colored glass.

Becoming An Effective Hospice Nurse Nursing Essay

Becoming An Effective Hospice Nurse Nursing Essay Hospice nursing is an occupation that few people know about. Although the process of getting into this occupation is quite simple, there is a lot of work to be done in this growing field. Almost anyone can get a degree in nursing, but it takes a special kind of person to be a hospice nurse. This is because hospice nurses deal with the emotions the come with caring for terminally ill patients every day. How to Become an Effective Hospice Nurse Hospice nursing is an occupation that many people dont know about, although it deserves as much credit and awareness as any other nursing position. Many hospice nurses go to great lengths and make huge sacrifices in order to get this position, and the process to do so is very intricate and can be confusing. Nursing is a profession that takes a special kind of person, especially hospice nursing, because their job is to assist a patient and the patients family through a death. In todays healthcare situation, there is a rapidly increasing shortage of nurses. This is due to the fact that most registered nurses are retiring all at once, and there is no one there to fill their shoes. It is not uncommon to go to the doctors office and not give a second thought to the nurse seen before and after the doctor. This is part of what makes hospice nurses different. They form a close relationship with not only the patient, but the family as well. As with any medical profession, it can be difficult to understand how a person went about obtaining their career. There are many routes available, along with characteristics that make up a good hospice nurse. Essential Question How does a person become an effective hospice nurse? Supporting Questions What schooling is required, and what kind of classes should be taken? What kind of certification is needed, and how is it obtained? What is the job outlook, and why is it like this? How will having certain characteristics and specific skills benefit? What schooling is required, and what kind of classes should be taken? To be accepted into nursing school, a person has to have a high school diploma. Taking classes in math, biology, and chemistry while in high school help build a strong application, as well as being able to speak a foreign language. Someone looking into being a registered nurse can choose one of three options when it comes to finding a program. The first option is to get a four-year bachelors of science degree in nursing. This is offered by more than 700 colleges. The second option is to get either a two-year or a three-year associate degree in nursing, and this is possible at 850 community colleges. The final alternative would be to go through one of the 70 diploma programs available at some hospitals, which takes about three years (Education and Training, 2009, p.3). Regardless of which path is chosen, all nursing education will involve supervised clinical and classroom instruction. Anatomy, physiology, microbiology, chemistry, nutrition, psychology, and behavioral sciences are some of the classes that are commonly taken by nursing students (Paying Your Dues, 2010, p.1). It is important to take math, biology, and chemistry in high school because even if they cant be taken as college credit, they are still crucial preparatory classes. They will serve as the basic foundation for starting out in nursing education. Being able to speak a foreign language is helpful as well, because people from all backgrounds and cultures need medical help and deserve the right to speak in their own language. This is especially true in the hospice area of nursing because most patients are being taken care of in their own homes, and need the comfort of not having to be stressed about what languages their nurse can or cannot speak. One of a nurses main duties is to serve as a central communicator between the doctor and patient. The best option to choose when picking a nursing program is getting a four-year bachelors of science degree (BSN). It used to be that a nurse with an associate degree could get a job at almost any hospital. However, times are changing and it is now p referred that nurses have a four-year BSN. It is important for all of the programs to have experiences in clinics in all different settings because it provides students with a chance to learn about multiple areas of healthcare. For instance, a person could be planning to have a career in geriatrics, but after spending hours at a nursing home for a clinical, they might completely change their mind. What kind of certification is needed, and how is it obtained? In the United States, all hospice nurses must be registered nurses in addition to being certified by their states health department as a hospice worker. In order to become a registered nurse, a person must take and pass a national examination after graduating from a school of nursing (Education and Training, 2009, p.3). This examination is called the National Council Licensure Examination, or NCLEX-RN (Licensing and Certification, 2010, p.7). It is mandatory for all registered nurses to renew their license periodically, and some states require continuing education. This test is administered electronically, and is multiple-choice. Students usually begin studying for it in their final year of nursing school. Results are sent by mail and arrive five to eight weeks after the testing date. Being certified by the state health department as a hospice worker is important because it ensures that only nurses trained for this field will be entering palliative situations. If this requirement wasnt in place, any registered nurse could go into a home and perform hospice work. It is because of this rule that patients and families can feel confident that they will receive the best care. The National council Licensure Examination helps weed out the students who arent quite ready to start their career in nursing, and need a little more time to study. The students who dont pass can continue to study and try again the next time the test is administered. What is the job outlook, and why is it like this? Registered nurses have more than 2.5 million jobs in the United States. This is expected to hold through and only increase until at least the year 2016. The growth of healthcare in general and the needs of a quickly growing and aging population will raise the demand for registered nurses. The Bureau of Labor Statistics says that more new jobs are to be created for registered nurses than for any other occupation (Employment Outlook, 2010, p.4). The number of elderly is increasing rapidly, which creates many new jobs for hospice nurses. Another reason is because patients are becoming more and more okay with the idea of in-home care, and are actually starting to prefer it. Technology is supporting this by allowing nurses to deliver complex treatments away from hospitals. As interest in the field of hospice nursing grows, so do the opportunities. Right now there are two programs in the United States that provide masters degrees that focus on hospice care. One is at New York University, and the other is at Ursuline College, which is in Pepper Pike, Ohio. However, once this career takes off, there will hopefully be more masters degree programs available that specialize in hospice nursing. How will having certain characteristics and specific skills benefit? Hospice nursing includes 24-hour availability, pain management, and family support combined with compassionate listening and counseling skills (Hospice/palliative care nurses, p. 1) . According to Theresa Valiga: Nursing is a profession that challenges a person intellectually, physically, and emotionally. But it is also a profession that is incredibly rewarding. Nurses are with people during every major life event from birth to death. They have the privilege of being quite intimate with strangers. They are well-respected and they make a real difference in the lives of people and communities. Who could ask for more from a career? (p. 1) Like she said, a hospice nurse needs to not only be able to handle the physical stress of the everyday work, but also the emotional stress. One of the main goals of hospice nursing is to find out the patients last wishes and make sure they are carried through and communicated to the family (A. Fredericks, personal interview, December 9, 2010). On average, hospice patients die within a month of enrolling in a hospice program. Because of this fact, hospice nurses need to have skills to deal with spiritual and culturally sensitive patients. They also need to be able to lift patients or help them bath, sit up, get out of bed, or walk. Sometimes the patients are moody, confused, and uncooperative. Communication is a huge key in hospice nursing, because it is the nurses job to observe the patients condition and report it to the doctors, as well as the patients emotional needs and wishes to the family. How does a person become an effective hospice nurse? The first step to becoming an effective hospice nurse is getting a bachelors of science degree from a four-year nursing program. After that, the National Counsel Licensure Examination needs to be passed, as well as registering with a state health department as a hospice worker. A masters degree may be obtained specializing in palliative care. Amy Fredericks, a hospice worker encourages nursing students to continue on past their registered nursing licenses while they are free and not tied down by family and career (Personal interview, December 9, 2010). An effective hospice nurse can walk out the door at the end of the day and know they made a difference, whether it be through making someone smile or teaching a family member how to care for their loved one. As a hospice nurse, it is important to be caring, compassionate, and knowledgeable in order to provide the best care for the patient. Annotated Bibliography Hospice/palliative care nurses. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.nursesource.org/hospice.html. This source have me specific information about hospice nursing and more details on the day to day experiences. Hospice nurse. (2010, April 14). Retrieved from http://www.princetonreview.com/Careers.aspx?cid=177. This source was helpful because it talked about the educational steps needed in order to become a hospice nurse. Kathy, Initials. (2009, January 7). Home health nursing. Retrieved from ultimatenurse.com/171. This source provided me with information about how hospice nurses serve as the prime communicators between doctors and patients. Occupational outlook handbook. (2009, December 17). Retrieved from http://bls.gov.oco.ocos083.htm. This source helped me see the statistics from the Bureau of Labor and analyze the outlook for hospice nurses. Registered professional nurses. (2009, February). This source provided me with information about the working conditions of registered nurses as well as education and training and personal qualifications.

Beloved - Overall Summary Essay -- Essays Papers

Beloved - Overall Summary One of the most common reader responses to Beloved is speechlessness. Readers attempt to deal with that speechlessness by trying to determine whether Sethe's attempt to kill her children was morally justified or not. These almost always seem like stilted, insufficient answers to a beautiful, poetic, and profoundly disturbing novel. It is as though the novel haunts the reader until he or she incorporates it into some structure of moral judgment. Perhaps trying to overcome the speechlessness with an awkward attempt at moral reasoning is not the most productive way to respond to Beloved. Instead, we might discover that the effect of speechlessness relates to the broader thematic content of the novel. The circumstances of Beloved's death are horrific. Life in slavery is equally horrific. For the former slaves that populate the novel, the past is unspeakable. Every day, Sethe beats back memories of her enslavement at Sweet Home. For a long while, Paul D can only verbalize his experiences through song. One of the most common forms of punishment for slaves was gagging with an iron bit. Sethe's own mother was forced to wear the bit so often that she has a permanent smile frozen on her face. Robbing the slave of the power of speech is a powerful way to make him or her feel like a beast. Paul D feels even less than the rooster that struts around him as he sits, mute and chained. Baby S...

Person-centred care Essay

1.1Describe person centred approaches. The term ‘person-centred care’ does exactly what it says – it essentially places the person at the heart of everything that the care worker and the care setting do. The individual’s needs and emotions are the focal point, and any difficulties are resolved in the interest of the person with dementia (rather than attempting to change the behaviour of the individual). It places the person at the centre of all – thinking, discussions, processes and procedures. The person- centred approach also sees the interactions between the person and different elements within their support systems as being of paramount importance, and therefore places emphasis on supporting the system that supports the person i.e. the family and friends, and other professionals. Person centred approach seeks to view the person with dementia as a whole and considers how the person is influenced by factors beyond the physical changes in their brain. 1.2 Explain why person-centred values must influence all aspects of social care work Person-centered values must influence all aspects of health and social care work. The Human Rights Act 1998 makes it a law that health and social care should be based on person-centered values. 1.3 Explain how person-centred values should influence all aspects of social care work If person-centered values become guidelines for health and social care practices. It will definitely help to provide anti-discriminatory practices and help to promote and support individual’s rights to equal opportunities, dignity, independence, choice and safety 2.1Explain how finding out the history, preferences, wishes and needs of an individual contributes to their care plan. Finding out the history, preferences, wishes and needs of a customer, when writing their care plan, ensures: Needs and wishes of the customers are met in their daily routine The Care worker has a factual reference point with which to encourage conversation with the customer Helps the Care worker to understand the customer and therefore have empathy which will result in a high level of care 2.2Describe ways to put person centred values into practice in a complex or sensitive situation. I have a customer who is blind; he lives in the house with his wife. He has 4 children, when we started their care, 3 of his children did not speak to him. The one daughter and their grand daughter took care of shopping (online) amongst other things. His wife went into hospital and the children blame him (never explaining to the care provider how or why this was the case) As the care worker for the customer I naturally have the gentleman’s needs first and foremost. Whilst I was on one of my visits to the customer (this day was usually to receive the online shop and put away amongst other things), I rang my manager as the delivery had not come and time was running out before I went to my next customer. I requested that they ring the family member and was informed that there would be no delivery as the customer had stated that he did not want any more deliveries. When I spoke with the customer he was not aware of this and asked me what he should do. I spoke with my office and asked if it was ok for me to do his shop as I knew what foods he liked, where he liked his shop to be done and also the fact that he trusted me to do this for him as I was his regular carer. The customer was happy for me to do this and I was able to calm him down talking about things that I knew were of interest to him. 2.3Evaluate the use of care plans in applying person centred values I believe that care plans are essential in applying person centred values as when dealing with a customer you must have a thorough medical history so you  can deal with their needs effectively and also deal with the medical services GP/Paramedics. A full history on the background of the customer is also important, knowing what work they have done, what are their hobbies and interests, family members that they may have and how they may help them in their lives, as it is a conversation point and shows that you are interested in the customer and their lives. Knowing your customer gives you an understanding and an empathy with them. 2.4Explain the importance of monitoring an individual’s changing needs or preferences. It is very important to monitor and record a customers changing needs or preferences as it will help to make the customer more comfortable and happy that their requests are being heard and acted upon. It is also important because it will let other carers about any changes and if the customer is acting unusual or saying things that do not seem quiet right the this may be due to the fact that they have a UTI or be unwell in some way. 3.1Describe factors that influence the capacity of an individual to express consent It is crucial for a care worker to be aware and take the matter carefully, because the capability to make decisions among individuals are different. It may look quiet simple o think that people with mental impairment, physical illness or people who have got language barriers, may have a lack of capabilities to express agreement. A care worker will understand how to work sensitively with customers individually and design goals to achieve a successful outcome. The mental capacity act states that every adult has the right to make their own decisions. It must be assumed that they have the capacity to do so, unless it has been proven otherwise. It also states people should be supported in making their own decisions. 3.2Explain how to establish consent for an activity or action. Consent for an activity or action must done in writing and signed by the  customer/family member or a person acting on the customers behalf. 3.3Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be readily established. Consent (permission) must be given before care can be given to a person. To even touch a person when forbidden, can be considered assault. If there is nobody available when an intoxicated, unconscious or impaired customer requires care, then consent is â€Å"implied,† as there is nobody to give that consent. It is assumed that consent would be given by family or that person, if they were able to communicate that. 4.1Explain the principles of active participation Active participation is a partnership between a customer and the care workers whom support them; it is designed around the customers, letting them choose to live their life as independently as possible 4.2Explain how the holistic needs of an individual can be addressed by active participation. Holistic means whole so by a customer being involved in active participation it will treat the customer as a whole. Active participation is will enhance the customers life both mentally and physically. They will benefit by being stimulated by the interaction of others and the activity. 4.3Explain how to work with an individual and others to agree how active participation will be implemented. Firstly you must determine the best way to communicate with the customer you must then determine what activity would be of interest to the customer Contact the relevant professional and arrange a meeting to see how they may actively participate in the activity. A taster session may be given to confirm that the customer is happy to continue. Once the customer is happy with the activity then arrangements for the activity can be confirmed. 4.4Explain how to promote the understanding and use of active participation. Discussion and encouragement with the customer Providing useful information and choice. Using friends and family to encourage Using appropriate activity Pier group encouragement Highlight the benefits of the different activities 5.1Describe different approaches to support an individual to make informed choices. How you support an individual to make informed choices depends predominantly on the customer’s abilities or inabilities. The main support you can give them is information so they can make an informed choice and once they have that information then they are able to make that decision. If a customer is unable to speak then you can give them visual options so they can show you what interest them and what they would like to do. You can also refer to the care plan for extra information on how to best support your customer with their choices. Some customers may have problems with the memory, therefore discussing their choices and writing them down so they have a reference point. 5.2Describe how to support an individual to question or challenge decisions concerning them that they are made by others. I believe that giving customers the information they need is vital. You can support them by :- Offering to attend any meeting they may have to offer moral support Finding out the information which they may need. Speaking on the customers behalf (if they are not able to speak) Making written notes for customers so they have the information they need in front of them. 5.3Explain the consequences of allowing the personal views of others to influence an individual’s choices If you allow the personal views of others to influence a customers choice then you may find that:- The customer will not have an interest the choices being made May become insular and feel undervalued as their opinion was not taken into consideration. It may spoil the relationship between the customer and carer. Explain the links between identity, self image and self esteem Just because someone is older/ill it does not mean that they cannot keep their own identity. When looking after a customer in their own home you are trying as a carer to help the person maintain as normal and unchanged life as possible. Helping them to remain as independent as possible. 6.1 Explain the links between identity, self image and self esteem The links between identity, self image and self esteem I believe are as follows:- Identity is knowing who you are and what you what identifies you as THE person you are – with that comes self image which again identifies you as THE person who dresses the way you do, wears your hair the way you do etc, with keeping that same identiy and same self image it contributes how you feel about yourself and/or your self esteem. If you are able to keep all of the above in place for a customer then it will benefit them greatly in their day to day life and in any recovery. 6.2Explain factors that contribute to the well-being of an individual Factors which contribute to the well-being of a customer may be as follows:- Familiar Surroundings – living in their own homes and surrounded by their possession People contact – daily contact with people especially family members and friends Good Care Plans – an indepth care plan can give the care worker the knowledge on how to look after the customer to a high standard 6.3 Explain the importance of supporting an individual in a way that promotes their sense of identity, self image and self esteem To enable a customer to live independently in their own home, giving them a sense of identity, self image and self esteem can I believe help in the physical recover of a customer. If they have dementia then it is vital that they keep the identity as familiarity is very important, to make them feel more at ease with what is a very confusing and sometimes upsetting time. 6.4Describe ways to contribute to an environment that promotes well-being In order to contribute in a positive way, you must firstly know what makes the individual tick Surround the customer with familiar possessions, environment and family and friends. Give the customers the information that they need to feel confident. Enable them to feel confident to question things that make them feel safer 7.1 Compare different uses of risk assessment in adult social care settings There are various uses for doing risk assessments in an adult social care setting Accident Prevention: – carrying out work directions to ensure the safety of the customer and others Prevention of injury to individuals:- Ensuring the correct handling of customers so injury does not happen Prevention of injury to workers and other professional individuals: – Again ensuring the correct handling of customers so the care worker or other professionals are not going to put themselves at risk of injury. Description of procedures or steps:- Ensuring that everything in the written to an exacting standard so other care workers will know the correct steps to ensure the safety of the customer and the care worker. To meet Legal requirements – Rightly so there are rules/regulations and guidelines put into place to protect the customers, care workers and other professionals. These are again done, to protect all concerned. 7.2Explain how risk-taking assessments relate to rights and responsibilities. There are guidelines to follow when doing a risk assessment which are put into place for reasons mainly relating to:- Legal requirement Prevention of danger and harm Clear guidance and instructions. All these are once again for the benefit of customers/care workers and other professionals. 7.3Explain how risk-taking relate to rights and responsibilities. We all need to take some risks in order to have as full a life as possible. Customers have the right to choose the risks they want to take but have the responsibility not to put others in danger. You have a responsibility to support their choices whilst keeping them as safe as possible. 7.4Explain why risk assessments need to be regularly revised Risk Assessments need to be regularly revisited as circumstances change i.e. condition of the customer and that of their surroundings. 7.5 Explain the importance of using agreed risk assessment processes to support choice Using agreed risk assessment processes to support choice are essential as this supports the safety and well being of the customer and that of the care worker and other professionals who come in contact with the customer and their property. It is essential to discuss the risk assessment with the customers as they are the people best placed to make a contribution.

Recruitment research and documentation Essay

It was a very well presented from then; it included clear questions and very valid ones as well, such as work permissions within the UK, and criminal offence questions. However, there were some which could have been altered or excluded, if they were related to anyone at Coventry City Council was unneeded, that should not have any issues with them in the job. Disability and Equal opportunities had to be included which meant that their gender and origin had to be responded to truthfully and meant we got a slight overlook to get a better understanding of who they were. Education was rather bleak, candidates were asked on what schools they had gone to and what degrees were gone from where, but that was about it, they were not asked why they wanted to and so forth, but in any other situation, professionally we would have been able to ask it all in the interview, but with limited time we could not afford to include it. Most of the employment history was very good, it gave high amounts of detail and was also so simple, yet we still added questions into our interview which could have then been excluded, the questions at the end informing us about their intentions over why they wanted to employ here, again we added it within our interview and now I feel it was something we needed to refer to rather than go into detail as we did. The job description gave a simple overview of the job role and what they would be looking to get paid and work a week. The duties and responsibilities as well as the brief description meant that the applicant would understand what we were looking for and if they were suitable to apply, however, the basic number qualifications could have been added in to make it even more suitable, therefore the applicants would know what degrees and grades we would be associating to our job role. The specification gave the number of GCSE grades and experience we were looking for which meant that together the job description and the specification were working well together and also suited the job. We included a physical essential that I feel should have been worded differently; to say we needed a â€Å"clear voiced† applicant was for me incorrect. It should have been more based on communicational skills and a more confident desirable. Team or social activities as well as personality aspects are seen in essential also but these are small issues, other than this, I feel both are successful and complete their roles well. As stated before, our interview was rather successful in its plan, we made concentrated on sections for each individual and when it came down to making notes, we took turns based on what questions were asked, also the grade given to the responses meant that we could evaluate effectively and without too much hassle. We had researched and included some of the legislation aspects within our application, and we believe we have concluded it up to a good standard, my knowledge has been relatively good up till now and we have been able to apply it successfully within our interview as well. We made sure all our questions were not biased and asked rather in the same manner to each individual, we never included any sexual or ethical discriminating questions or implied as much, but if we had the funds, we could have asked and gone to a legal advisor to completely check our application and interview plan to make sure were conducting everything in and orderly fashion. Legislation is difficult situation as anything which can be seen as slightly biased would be approached, yet we feel we have successfully completed and understood this section to a certain extent. Yet I feel we have done this on a basic level and to work at a higher standard this could have been elaborated and an increase in the number of suitable acts within our application would prove this. We have included different ethical initiations within our documents which meant that we would not be revealing any detail given to us and this fell under the privacy act, we had thought to test it out prior to the interviews but insufficient time gave us a limited period in which to do so. I personally feel that this would have benefited the group as we could then make the alterations that were likely to appear. Recruiting is a difficult section with all its legal and ethical dimensions, to get it correct can be a mission in itself, yet we took these into consideration and worked around them as best we could. We placed lines initiating what the documents would be used for and how privacy would be kept within the company. I feel we had a good variety of job adverts and other such documentations to which we could refer back to or get ideas from, yet it was a basic bit of annotation to which we conducted to, we didn’t do any detailed evaluation over other companies documents which meant that the standard of ours would fall slightly due to this. Therefore I would suggest next time that we re-do this section in order to get a better analysis over detailed aspects of the documents by realizing the types of wording used as well as the layouts provided. Job advertisements were provided but could have been identified and found out easily off the internet or at a job centre, however, internal documents had to be released or made up as we could not just get our hands on them. We had ideas given to us that related to them and we used them to the best we could but again I feel the time we had meant we had to make basic adjustments rather than go into strict detail over them. I would perhaps get a wider research range from the internet and companies to find small aspects of the job description to which I could include and then it would increase the standard on a general scale. I was the one who created the induction package, yet I had not thought of interviewing a real manager to see if they felt that it was suitable, this would have been rather easy under the circumstances and would benefit the group tremendously, yet previous induction packages off the internet and ones provided gave a good outline which made it easier to identify areas which needed to be targeted. It included all the basic details such as the general facilities and the safety procedures. Yet the layout again is rather basic, without a previous internal document to refer to in order to gain a good understanding, it was difficult to gain certain point or include others. Yet, the basic layout is made up for by the inclusion of all the main issues and points which need to be included in a real induction, signatures at the end and instructions are there also to professionalize the document as well as giving the candidate some sort of reference to what should be included once in the job.

Humanities Religion Paper Essay

Throughout the span of this course I have learned what it takes to build a successful empire. There are many tactics that are involved in constructing an empire that is stable, which include an effective irrigation system, having an army, land for crops to grow, a system of government, the development of social classes, a trading system, tools and specialized skills for the making of goods, and a shared standpoint of religious beliefs. The one thing that I found most intriguing is how throughout the period of time every civilization has had some sort of caste system. A caste system is a social structure which separates individuals of a civilization into their inherited social class; it can also prohibit the marriage of two individuals of different caste. In the time we live in now you can still separate people into a variety of different social classes such as: upper class, upper middle-class, middle-class, lower middle-class and poor. But let’s rewind a few thousand years in to one of the earliest known civilizations, the Mesopotamians. The history of Mesopotamians can be separated into two categories, the Sumerian period and the Semitic period. During these periods I see the caste system come into play because Priests were at the top of the chain, they were the ones who controlled religious and economic dealings. The Law Code of Hammurabi, I would also consider to be part of a caste system. Majority of the Law code’s requirements deal with the relationship between a husband and wife, along with the relationship between other members of the family, these are a couple of the passages from the code: 131. If a man accuses his wife and she has not been taken lying with another man, she shall take an oath in the name of god and she shall return to her house (book). 145. If a man takes his wife and she does not present him with children, and he sets his face to take a concubine, that man may take a concubine and bring her into his house (book). Even though these do not directly deal with a certain social standing they do however show the standing of women during this period, and also these laws would apply to anyone in any social class. The Egyptians had their own form of the caste system. Egypt was structured so that there was an upper and lower caste. They had a strongly controlled government ruled by one single ruler, the pharaoh. The pharaoh was regarded as a living god, the equal of any other deity (book). Right below the pharaoh was the priest, whose responsibility was to preserve the tradition of religious beliefs. Pharaohs are at the top of the chain, government officials fall directly below the pharaoh and consist of nobles and priests. Next on the chain below the government officials would be the soldiers, merchants and artisans fell directly under the soldiers, farmers were second to last on the chain and then at the very bottom you find the slaves. During ancient Greece time in the city of Athens, I see a form of the caste system fall into place. Social classes during the ancient Greece period applied strictly to men and women took their social standing from their husbands. Any person born into an Athenian family is considered to be a citizen and part of the upper class during this period. The middle class was comprised with merchants, merchants were any men who were non-citizens and are ineligible to become a citizen. The lower class was any freed slave. A slave could become free only if his/her ransom was paid off by a family member. Again you see the slaves fall at the very bottom of all caste systems. Athenians viewed their slaves as barbarians because most, if not all were from a foreign region. I have also learned that the Romans had a set caste system. In my book it states that the Romans had an extremely hard working middle class that were devoted to their central government. When I was reading this, all I could think about is how my family would be considered middle class and how hard working both my parents are. They are devoted to making sure I am provided with what I need, which is what Augustine wanted for the Romans. Augustine’s social reforms were intended directly at the upper classes and were anticipated to return his people to traditional family values. During the Roman republic citizens were split into two classes the patricians and the plebeians. Patricians also known as aristocrats filled the upper class; they had elite rights to the Roman Senate and magistrates. The lower class was known as the plebeians. The plebeians would elect leaders to represent them and their interests while also protecting the lower class people against states officials who treated them discriminatorily. The Aryans are the true developers of the caste system. They made a separation between nobility and the common people. The caste system of the Aryans divided their society into castes of priesthood, the warriors, the laborers and the serfs. India went through many changes and so did their caste system. The caste system was one the shaping social forces in India, reinforced by many laws concerning marriage, table exclusion, laws of rituals purity and so on (book). I have found the caste system of India the most fascinating so far, I believe it most accurately represents the way we caste individuals now.

Case study (Cost Analysis) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

(Cost Analysis) - Case Study Example It is essential for the Chief financial officer to develop a budget that retain and influence doctors input. Managing the physicians could be adequately done by proper management of time so that those who may seek to make more money do not do it at the expense of BCH. As a CFO, the management can be effected by converting hospital staff’s net paid days worked to a factor. BCH CFO Office is open and staffed seven days a week, per as a work agreement with a well managed care plans. The office manager prepares a worksheet, which displays 9 holidays, 15 vacation days, 7 sick days, and 3 education days, equaling thirty four paid days per year not worked. The physicians’ cluster allows 5 sick days, 8 holidays, and 1 education day. A physician must work one full year to receive 5 vacation days. An employee ought to have worked full time for 3 full years before getting 10 annual holiday days. This is a cost effective approach that can be implemented to allow physicians get comm itted (Nowicki, 2008). As a CFO, the iron triangle of health care must be implemented to cater for the physicians, patients and organization. Health policy analysts normally refer to an iron triangle of healthiness. The three edges of the triangle are the quality, cost, and accessibility of care. This means that, in equilibrium, improving the performance of the health care organization along any one of these perspective can compromise one or both of the other aspects, regardless of the quantity that is spent on health care (Zelman, McCue, & Glick, 2009). Such tradeoffs are not frequently required, of course. For instance, tying payments to physicians to the quality of services offered could improve providers’ enticement to contain costs and progress quality. As a CFO, cost effective programs implementation is essential. Dealing with hospitalist issues Hospitalist is the term applied for physicians who are specialized in the care of sick clients in the hospital. This movement was started about ten years ago and has transformed due to many factors. These factors include; convenience, cost-effectiveness for hospitals, financial strains on primary care doctors, efficiency, patient safety, and need for more dedicated and synchronized care for hospitalized patients. As a CFO, funds must be budgeted to enable implementation of the hospitalist. Financial costs Cost accounting system; Bobcat Community Hospital has a strong billing and collection constituents but a weak cost accounting coordination. Financial incentives have always maximized on reimbursement but not in controlling costs (Brent, 2003). The cost of implementing this would not change the 2010 budgetary

Labor Economics and Welfare Economics Research Paper

Labor Economics and Welfare Economics - Research Paper Example Second, utility is interpersonally similar and can be summed up (Rothbard, 2006). Early labor economics began shortly after the Second World War with its analytical range emerging further from the field of conventional economics. As a result, economists found labor economics a hard domain in terms of explaining the term in a strict economic logic (Burns, 2012). Adam Smith first expressed support for the idea of economics in labor in his 1776 work â€Å"Wealth of Nations.† During the mid-1700s, traditional political economy was successful ad prevailing in the domain of economic hypothesis and review between the 1700s and 1800s (Winter-Ebmer, 2014). This economy operated on the basis that capitalist market powers work do not assure that employees will get equal portions of the output. Afterwards, David Ricardo and Karl Marx extended this classical economy and made labor economics reach its climax during the mid-1800s. Marx cultivated his labor hypothesis of value and utilization to show how employees get just a portion of their output, with the remaining portions creating an economic excess adopted by capitalists for the sustenance of their consumption and investment operations (Burns, 2012). Welfare economics had more supporters than labor economics, with economists and researchers such as William Stanley Jevons, Carl Menger and Leon Walras leading the way by spreading the idea of marginal utility. Daniel Bernoulli issued a validation of marginal utility in 1738 under his Expected Utility Theory and contributed significantly to Welfare economics (Devarajan, 2014). Lastly, economist Hermann Heinrich Gossen expounded on an overall hypothesis of marginal utility to help further welfare economics across Europe (Rothbard, 2006). Opponents of labor economics warned against misunderstanding the word â€Å"labor† as specially connected to understandings acquired from the fields of sociology, politics, and organizational culture (Burns, 2012).

Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Art History - Essay Example Gauguin’s ia orana Maria (Hail Mary) of 1891 and Osamu Tezuka’s Astro Boy character derived from his popular manga series in Japan which was first released in the year 1952 but has been followed by a series of renditions over the years as the character grew more popular (Gordon 52). These two pieces of art can be said to be as different as they can get from one another and portray the various changes that have occurred in the world of art over the years. P. Gauguin, Ia orana Maria (Hail Mary), 1891. Astro Boy by Osamu Tezuka Cultural Context The cultural context of P. Gauguin’s painting is quite clearly based on the Christian religion as the name itself suggests and is based on the holy mother Mary and her son Jesus in a Tahitian setting. The angel on the left of the painting revealing these two characters to two onlookers (two women) further depicts the religious inspiration that was used to bring this piece of work into being. The garb won by the characters in the painting (that is, pareus which are made of cotton with printed design and is draped around the waist) also exhibits the traditional nature of the painting. The background shows no modern influence and focuses clearly on an inspiration from past events. The Astro boy art work on the other hand is very different from the first painting and depicts a largely transformed society from the one that individuals are used to where robotic boys flying around the place is the order of the day. The piece of art which was done years after P. Gauguin’s tries to display how the artist sees the future will be like. The background content depicting various other planets shows how high the main character (Astro boy) has flown thus in a way displaying the level of technology that will be in place at that time. Stylistic characteristics The stylistic characteristics that are used art works can also be used to define the category of the art work as well (Gordon 68). The first point of note t hat can be made is the material that was used in the creation of the art works. In P. Gauguin†s Ia orana Maria (Hail Mary), oil paintings and a canvas were the basic materials used while the creation of Astro boy’s image relied mainly on computer graphics and other modern technology. This can be seen in the various characteristics of both art works such as the lines, in the Ia orana Maria there is a smoothness and sense of curvature in the lines used to paint the characters while the lines in Astro Boys depiction are sharper and clearly structured giving it a more defined looked. The same goes for the colors in both illustrations as Ia orana Maria’s colors have a warmer tone as compared to Astro boy whose colors have more depth and are clearly defined from one another unlike the older painting which exudes a sense of blending in. The shapes are more defined in the Astro boy illustration as well thanks to the clearer lines used in the drawing. Subject matter The s ubject matter is another topic where these two pieces of art greatly defer from one another. Whereas in P. Gauguin’s Ia orana Maria the subject is based on religion shown by the depiction of the son of God and his holy mother, the Astro boy art is mainly based on the future and progressing technology shown by the depiction of a flying robotic boy. The older painting can be said to display a sense of the author’s beliefs while the second more recent art work can be said to di

Customer relationship Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Customer relationship - Case Study Example Abrupt usage of such principles had ultimately made customer the king in the global economy of today. As almost all of the market follows the perfect competition, so the decision precisely depends upon the buyer to choose the services of which company they want to purchase. As the customer has been the most important aspect that has to be cared by the companies, the concept of customer relationship becomes immensely important. The present day companies try and develop stable and trust worthy relationship with the esteemed customers so that the relationship is maintained and retained. The modern theory suggests that it is very difficult to have a new customer in favour of a company due to increased competition. Therefore, the onus lies on the companies to develop a mutually benefitting relationship so that the customers as well as the organisations benefit and the existing customers are retained apart from attracting newer customers. Established in 2001, the Lebara Group had objective to offer exciting and innovating telecom solutions to the families and the friends of the customer. The group falls under the greater preview of Lebara Foundation, which is a charitable trust with the aim to assist the deprived children all across the globe. The vision and the mission statement of the organisation says that the charitable trust aims to provide good life to the deprived children in terms of basic necessities like that of food, shelter, treatment (for both mental as well as physical illness), education and various skill sets required to get settled in life. Lebara Mobile was first launched in 2004 in the land of Netherlands as the low cost international mobile service. The group offers prepaid mobile SIM cards in at least eight European nations which include the advanced nations like Netherlands, Australia, Denmark, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom and Sweden. The various unique selling propositions of the products of the company include: Very low rates Instant connections High quality networks Multilingual customer services Reliable service No access codes No hidden charges No lost minutes (Lebara, n.d.) The company claims to have 24 X 7 reliability monitoring. Also it has a dedicated routing and switching teams to retain the high quality. But the most important factor of the Lebara Telecom Group is that of its low cost. And the factor is guaranteed by its team of global carrier. The international calls of the mobile group are routed by the London Network Operations Centre. Customer Relationship of Lebara The customer relationship of Lebara Group is quite commendable. As the group has presence in more than 8 countries, also the policies adopted by the group are aimed to retain the existing customers along with attracting new clients. The group has declared objective of providing the customers with value for money along with ensuring all of its connections with the best possible quality. As the objective of the group is to connect the customers with their friends and relatives all across the globe, so it takes special measure to ensure that the customers get the convenience of direct-dial international mob