Impact of Training and Development on Employee Performance free essay sample

The concept of training predates history; it is as old as man himself. The earliest man learnt to hunt and grow crops for his survival. One of the earliest types of training was on the job training (OJT), which is still in wide use today China began training of her workers through conceptual case studies in the 5 century BC. Confucius presented problems to his students and asked them to contemplate possible solutions to those problems. The case study is still widely in practice even today, mostly in professional schools. It is an effective tool to encourage learners to think philosophically about difficult and problematic situations without having to go through personal experiences. As time went on, modern theories of psychology, training, and staff development were applied to training methods in order to keep staff skilled, knowledgeable, and motivated Definition: Training is the process of teaching new employees the basic skills they need, to perform their jobs (Dressler, 2003) Training is a learning experience which seeks a relatively permanent change in the individual that will improve his ability to perform his job well. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Training and Development on Employee Performance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Every organization needs to have well trained, experienced and adjusted employees to perform their duties efficiently. Training can involve the changing of skills, knowledge, attitudes, or behavior. It may mean changing what employees know, how they work, their attitudes toward their work, or their interaction with their coworkers or supervisor. Training is more present day oriented and focuses on individuals existing jobs and enhancement of abilities to perform well. Training should not focus on new employees only, but old employees should also be put through periodical training in order to keep their knowledge updated. 1. 1 Background information. One of the most important aspects in the contemporary hotel industry is employees’ acquaintance with new methods and techniques of Hotel management through training. In fact training is formal as well as an informal process, which is carried out for improving the performance of employees. Therefore the implementation of an effective training process at all levels of management has a significant impact on the performance of the employees. Human resource practices have a great impact on the organizational performance, every organization depends on its work force for fulfilling its operational requirements, human resource not only a subject for The professionals handling the human resources of the organization, in wider perspective it deals with all the key functions of all the departments in an organization it is a liaison between the organization and the employees of the organization it is studied by the economists to relate the efficiency in the productivity of the Organization. Future-oriented training, focusing on the personal growth of employees (Stephen, 2002), for example if an employee is promoted supervisor, his new job would require him to ensure his subordinates do their duties well. This would require his grooming in advance. This is known as employees development, and every organization must plan/carry out employees development in order to keep it functioning efficiently. 1. 3 Statement of the problem Busi ness world is going to be dominated by the services. It has been noticed that in todays world the service sector is the largest growing area of developing countries. The cross-culture encounters in business and company cultures world-wide are fueling the growth of service sector in developing countries. Nowadays an increase of tourism has resulted in the expansion of hotel industry Kenya. The hotel industry in Kenya has become highly competitive with regard to the quality of service provided by hotel industry, as the quality of services has significant effects on the profitability and success of hotels. The quality of service can be maintained by continuous development of both the employees as well as other factors involved in the quality of services. One of the way to develop employees is giving them continuous training in their respective fields as according to Armstrong (2000, p. 543) the fundamental aim of training is helping organization to achieve its goal by adding value to its key resources, i. e. its employees. This means that training is like investing in people to enable them to perform better and to empower them to make decisions due to their natural abilities. 1. 4 Objectives of the study 1. 4. 1 General Objectives The general objective of the study is to investigate the effects of training and development programmes to employees 1. 4. 2 Specific Objectives The specific aim of the study will be to achieve the following objectives; i. To assess the effectiveness of training on employees work performance ii. To investigate the kinds of performance enhancing training offered to employees iii. To describe the effects of training policy on employee performance. iv. To conclude the influences of human resources training on employees and their actual performance in the hospitality industry 1. 5 Research questions This study will seek to answer the following questions. i. What level of staff do organizations mostly consider for training development so as to improve their performance? i. How does continuous training affect employee performance iii. Which training development methods do organizations employ for performance improvement of their staff? iv. Where is the training development conducted for the staff? v. What are the areas of improvements have been witnessed by engaging in training development of their employees? 1. 6 Significance of the study 1. 6. 1 To the managers To help them know the kind of training they need to offer to their staff to increase their level of performance To have a more realistic approach to staff training and development. 1. 6. 2 To the Staff The staff will know the kind of training they need to improve on their productivity. To gauge the level of performance improvements after training and development programmes 1. 7 Scope of the study This study focuses on the perceived and actual performance of employees from management and employees’ perspective. The identification of the importance of training in the hospitality industry and how beneficial it proves for employees and employers are discussed with the help of primary and secondary sources. The study focus will be a sample selection of employees from Nairobi Safari Club. According to Zaman and Bakar (2003) research findings process is in the preliminary stage to establish the connection between the training and commitment of employees that leads to improve the actual performance of employees. Though, researches of different types have been executed in the western part of the world to explore the training program and various types of influences of training on the actual performance of employees but still the generalizability of findings are not so far accurate as there has been lack of consistency in similar sort of outcomes. Most of the researches have strongly emphasized on the close relation among the training program and level of employees’ commitment that result in improving the performance of employee as a whole (Bartlett 2001; Bartlett and Kang 2004; Grossberg 2000; Meyer and Smith, 2000; Bartlett and Kang 2004; and Tannenbaum et al, 1991). This current study investigations foundation strongly lies on the observation in a practical sense therefore by nature this is an empirical research which analyze the impact of the training programs installed in an organization on the performance of employees in a practical sense. Organizations that give special training to their employees and there are ample opportunities for promotions and good monetary benefits which encourage the employees to and good monetary benefits which encourage the employees to exert themselves and take initiatives to rise to the challenges which gives guaranteed returns to the company. A wide selection of leadership, seminars, management training and technical courses are available to employees. It is a crucial investment and it is essential to the company (Banson 2003) Its essential to devote resources for ongoing training, development of leadership skills and creating opportunities for advancement for candidates within an organization. We are developing future managers from within our labor force. It is our goal to be the employer of choice. (Milanese, 2003)They approach salespeople with an attitude that lets them know training will take an hour of their time to compensate them with skills and information. Salespeople want to know exactly what they can learn in a short time. 2. 1 Role of Training in increasing organizational commitment: According to Noe (2008) explained training as a deliberate and preplanned attempt about related job competencies so that employees learning is being facilitated (pp 4). It is significant to invest in programs of development and training in order to make sure that the organizations targets and goals are achieved (Lewis, 1997). The general view and open ideas revolving around in the business world is that the gains and advantages of employers and subordinates are associated with the programs of training and development and investing in those programs (Santos and Stuart, 2003). The role and contribution of Human Resource Development has gained more acceptability and significance in the tenure of reforms and restructuring. One of the key functions of Human Resource Development is addressing and indentifying at work setting the demonstrated behavior of individuals and their perceived attitude towards work. Lewis (1997) demonstrated and firmly argued that training and development is the vital and main reason behind the high performances of workers, organizations and nations. Training and development program is essential consideration by firms when they want to utilize their employees to maximum or optimum level. In other words, to explore the full potential of employees, the difference maker is training and development program, considered by organizations. Through the provision of adequate and appropriate training to workers, the organizations can attain the high productivity level, as per Human capital theory (Becker, 1975). The actions of employees backed by training helps such employees to groom abilities to a next level and substantial growth and employees are influenced by the training modes (London, 1989). Donovan et al (2001) proved and supported through his research findings that employees become more active and quick in responding and accepting changes, built their inner confidence stronger and develop understanding to be supportive to their peers, once they participate in various types of training program The employees actual performance is connected with the commitment of employees, when employees are well trained; they are more productive in their approach. In other words, the job satisfaction and employees productivity tends to increase more after involving them in training sessions and this productive and job satisfaction is largely influence by the commitment of employees . Training sessions help organizations in retaining their employees as training tends to improve the loyalty of employees towards organizations. Moreover, the training sessions also improve the work efficiency of workers who actively participate in training sessions. The appropriate and adequate training motivates employees in right direction which leads to improve their overall commitment towards organizations (Becker, 1975). The commitment of employee is a connected with the performance of employees. Training programs designed by the think tanks of an organization ensure that the skills of employees develop in more professional manner so that there is less wastage of resources and overall improvement in the actual working procedures of employees (Donovan et al, 2001). Training also ensures that employee is needed by organization and he should be retained, this increases their level of commitment towards his respective organization 2. 1. 1 Need for training program The psychological understanding about the actual performance of employee is linked with the organizational commitment which can be improved by means of training employees (Bartlett and Kang, 2004). In order to measure the performance of employee in actual sense the level of organizational commitment must be measured by the organization. To properly measure the level of commitment towards organization, scales were made and conceived by Meyer and Allen (1997). The performance of employee will be more affective if he is trained in a fine manner and this affective commitment tends to be more of emotional type attachment which improve the work efficiency and helps organization in succeeding competitive edge in the market, due to training employees stick to same organization which develops a commitment more of norm type to help organizations (Meyer and Allen, 1990, P. ). Mathieu and Zajac (1990) found in their study that commitment of employee is more due to participation in the developing programs and this commitment is continuance commitment by nature. Weiner (1982) argued and emphasized that normative commitment towards organization means right or moral thing to do (p. 421). These commitments enhances due to the willingness of employee to stay with same organization, which means that training assist organizations in de veloping the sense of commitment in employees. Bartlett (2001) investigated that that there is a close connection between the perception of employees towards the training program and the organizational commitment at the industry of health care. Research results showed that affective commitment and normative commitment of employee is positively linked with the perceived training ability of employees, willingness to participate, training support from senior staff and management, and the perceived benefits of training. Neo and wilk (1993) strongly viewed that once given, the appropriate means should be develop to measure the affects from training program and to motivate employees for training the right steps should be considered by organizations. Bartlett (2001) urged that if the training program is launched in organization and employees are committed to firm when they view the benefits of participation in the training and development program. Bartlett (2001) also proposed a notion that to increase the organizational commitment to a higher level the social support should be created for programs of training and development. Brief (1998) firmly viewed that perceived training benefits and the commitment towards organization is being affected by the relationship of job satisfaction with it. Bartlett (2001) concluded with the outcome of his research in the health care industry and on the basis of outcomes suggested training incentives for professionals of human resources management. 2. 1. 2 The importance of staff training Staff training is a significant part as well as the key function of Human Resource Management and Development; it is the crucial path of motivating employees and increasing productivity in the business. Mcclelland 2002, ) With the development of the technologies and the whole business environment, employees are requested to be more skilled and qualified, even if you are a good employee today, you could be out of the line some other day if you do not keep studying. A company needs organized staff training if wants to be competitive among others. (Yafang Wang 2008. ) Staff training is the k ey task to help everyone in the company to be more united. An enterprise could hire experienced employees or train employees to be skilled. When the company trains their own staff, by providing and forming a harmonious atmosphere, accurate work specification and the passion of work, team spirit will be built between employees and management team within the process. (Train,2009. ) Training of work tasks is one of the main aspects of staff training, including principles at work, professional knowledge and skills, by offering employees these essentials, staff training helps personal abilities match with business requirements. Train01 2009. ) Training could be enormously demanding and should be in-depth; lack of training or poor training brings out high employee turnover and the delivery of substandard products and services. (Sommerville 2007, 208) 2. 2 Impact of training to employees’ performance The existence of a link between the training and performance of individuals at work settings are identified by various researchers. For instance, on job and off job training in a continuous mode is the Human Resource Management practices that is regarded as high involvement and it assist the individual in building the human capital- knowledge for the particular firms in which subordinates are more productive and effective as they are gaining a practical exposure from ongoing job training and are more knowledgeable about the requirement of delivering the services that firm has planned (Batt 2002) Staff training enhances the capabilities of employees and strengthens their competitive advantage. Effective training will improve the personal characters and professional abilities. Not only employees, management and organization would benefit from staff training, customers and guests benefit as well, because of the received quality products and services. (Sommerville 2007, 210). Sommerville also pointed out that unnecessary wastage and damages can be avoided. Regular trainings can decrease work pressures and employee turnover, as a result, less labor cost will be spent and better service can be achieved. 2. 3 Types of staff training and development 2. 3. 1 Sort by training objects Training is differed by disparate groups, one is the top management group, the second group is supervisory management, and the third group is front line employees who participate in operations and providing services. As for the top management group, including general manager, directors, managers and assistant managers of every department, they take care of making decisions. The training should be about building proper economic views, marketing, forming sales strategy, budgeting and cost controlling etc. Supervisory management group is the supportive team in the organization, such as supervisors, team leaders etc. hey should be trained about management concept and ability, professional knowledge, customer services and how to deal with guests requests and complaints etc. practical information. Front line staff helps hotel’s actual operation; training for them should be focused on professional knowledge, technical competencies and working attitudes to improve their abilities 2. 3 . 2 Sort by training location According to the location that trainings take place, trainings are separated into in-house training, on-the-job training and outside training. In-house training is organized by the Human Resource department, using hotel facilities such as the training room, staff canteen. On-the-job training is usually held by each department; supervisors, team leaders and trainers are responsible for this kind of training, experienced worker or trainer trains the employee. (Dessler 2006, 157) Outside training refers to training which is held outside the hotel. Trainees attend seminars and conferences, participate in training program organized outside the hotel, or go abroad to other sister hotels for training. 2. 3. Sort by training contents Trainings are held for different purposes, some are organized to help new employees to get to know the hotel, some are for improving employees? professional skills, therefore, the trainings can be divided by their contents: †¢Apprentice training To introduce hotel general information and basic skills needed at work to new workers. This training helps building up good relationships between employee s themselves and as well as between employees and management team. Moreover, it helps employees to set up the right attitude towards work. †¢Certification training After this kind of training, employee get professional certificate on practical or theoretical tests. It aims to improve employees? skills and motivates them when they pass the tests. †¢Simulation training Practical training is held with the help of Human Resource Department, aiming to improve methods of working and increase work effectiveness by simulating the real workplace. This training is in existence in everyday work, therefore it is long-term. In order to have good results from this training, department heads play very important roles by using proper training skills. On-the-job training Employees? professional quality is the key of hotel services, the rules and principles of work are taught in this kind of training, besides, courtesy, manners and techniques of handling interpersonal relations are taught as well. This kind of training aims to train employees to learn the best way to do the work in the most quickly and effective way. †¢Language training Hotel employees are required to be able to speak one or two foreign languages, for different departments, different work categories or different positions, language requirements also differ. English as an international used language, every staff needs to be familiar with. Another language is required or to be trained depending on the location of the hotel. †¢Hotel services and administration training This training is more focused on a specific subject according to the request of improving administration and services, including telephone techniques, guest relations, sales skills, public relations general information and application, safety and first-aid †¢Cross training To ensure the communication among departments and increase the ability of adjusting to distinguished environments, cross training is used to assist employees to receive knowledge and skills from other departments. (Walker 2007, 597-598) 2. 4 Correlation between training and performance The existence of a link between the training and performance of individuals at work settings are identified by various researchers. For instance, on job and off job training in a continuous mode is the Human Resource Management practices that is regarded as high involvement and it assist the individual in building the human capital- knowledge for the particular firms in which subordinates are more productive and effective as they are gaining a practical exposure from ongoing job training and are more knowledgeable about the requirement of delivering the services that firm has planned (Batt 2002). Moreover, the customer buying behaviour is changed by the demonstration of employees behaviour (Mills et al 1983). Eventually training shows the way to have workforce that is highly skilful and has a positive impact on the businesss improvement, employee also become more productive and committed to the organisation. Various studies indicated the training programs impact as positive in the reinforcement of plans and policies (Huselid 1995, Cooke 2000). Furthermore, the argument proposed by Armstrong (2000) that via learning, the behavior of employees is modified by training that works as a tool for the modification of behavior. The performance of employee is directly interlinked with the training program. . 5 Conclusion These empirical researches do evaluate the importance of the Human Resource Management practices that are executed by the firm in the organization and it will not be wrong to say that these practices are linked with the organizational performance and the individual performance of employees. From the above mentioned theories, it is concluded that there exist a correlation between the performance of an employee and the currently operating training practices in a positive manner but the statistical explanation to show the close link between these variables are yet not been evident.

Digital Values †Math Research Paper

Digital Values – Math Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Abstract:- We come across many big calculations which we want to check. Though the idea of digital roots can be used, but it is limited to integers. This paper introduces a new idea of assigning every number a characteristic value called â€Å"Digital Values†. Every number, real or imaginary is assigned a digital value. The digital values are mostly 1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8 or 9. These values have many interesting properties. Although in some cases we assign some other values for our convenience. The digital values can be applied to calculations to check them. They also have interesting properties in an equation (expressions involving unknown quantities) and system of equations. Keywords:- digital values, digital roots, digital sum, digitally irrational numbers, equi-digital functions. 1 Introduction Sometimes it is very difficult to go back and check the whole process. It happens in many calculations, while solving equations etc. The idea of digital roots may help us in some calculations. A formula for finding the digital root of an integer is given by[1] : Digitalroot[x] = 1+Mod[(x-1),9]. The digital root of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of integers show interesting properties. But the idea is limited to integers. This paper introduces a new concept of â€Å"digital values† to overcome this difficulty. Just like in digital roots, we assign particular values for different numbers but this can be implemented for any number (real, imaginary or complex). It follows all the properties of digital roots. The paper also introduces how these digital values can help us in verifying calculations and the application of digital values in functions and equations. 2. What is digital value? Digital value is a characteristic value assigned to a number. We will denote digital value of a number x by //x// or by dval(x). For a natural number the digital value is same as its digital root[1]. As in digital roots, we add the different digits and repeat the process till a single digit is reached. For 1456914 the digital value will be: //1+4+5+6+9+1+4//=//30//=3. Similarly for 563, digital value =//563//=//5+6+3//=//14//=5 2.1 Digital value of an integer Consider the following table: Table 1 Number Digital Value 267 6 266 5 265 4 264 3 263 2 262 1 261 9 260 8 259 7 258 6 257 5 256 4 255 3 254 2 253 1 We observe that the digital value of the natural numbers in decreasing order repeat the pattern : â€Å"9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1† For 0 and negative integers also we will follow the same pattern to get the digital value i.e. digital value of 0 is 9,-1 is 8,-2 is 7,-3 is 6 and so on. A simple way to find out the digital value of a negative integer is to subtract the absolute value of the integer from 9.For e.g. //-8// = 9 //8// = 9 – 8 = 1 //-5647// = 9 //5647// = 9 – 4 =5 The above results can be obtained by the general formula [1] Digitalroot[x] = 1+Mod[(x-1),9] Some properties of digital values: For two integers a and b, (1) // a + b // = // //a// + //b// // (2) // a b // = // //a// //b// // (3) // a Ãâ€" b // = // //a// Ãâ€" //b// // (4) // // a + b // + c // = // a + // b + c // // (5) // // a Ãâ€" b // Ãâ€" c // = // a Ãâ€"//b Ãâ€" c // // (6) // 9a// = 9 (7) // 8 Ãâ€" a // = //-a// (8) // 9a + b // = //b// (9) // a! // = 9, where a ? 6 (10) // a^b // = // dval(a)^b // All the above identities can be easily proved using congruence. 2.2 Division of integers (digital values of rational numbers) For division consider the following expression: (11) // a/b // = // (dval(a))/(dval(b)) // So, now, digital value for any decimal number which is terminating can be found out. For e.g. //12.321// =// 12321/1000 // = // (dval(12321))/(dval(1000)) // = // 9/1 // = 9 For 1/11 // 1/11 // = // (dval(1))/(dval(11)) // = // 1/2 //=//0.5//=5 According to the above identity // 1/7 // and // 1/16 // should have same digital value. So, = // 1/7 // = // 1/16 // = //0.0625// = 4 Now, for any division // x/y // = // //x// Ãâ€" // 1/y // // Division by 3,6 and 9 cannot be determined. It is either undefined or has multiple digital values. If //a//=3, // a/3// = 1, 4, 7 If //a//=6, // a/3// = 2, 5, 8 If //a//=9, // a/3// = 3, 6, 9 If //a//=3, // a/6// = 2, 5, 8 If //a//=6, // a/6// = 1,4,7 If //a//=9, // a/6// = 3, 6, 9 If //a//=9, // a/9// = 1, 2,3,4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9 In all other cases the digital value is digitally imaginary (see next section). 2.3 Digital values of irrational numbers For an irrational number, we will use (12) // a^b // = // dval(a)^b //, where a, b are real numbers So //square root of 13// = // square root of //4// // = //2// or //-2// = 2 or 7 //?4 // = //2// = 2 (one root is taken only if the given value is rational) //?13// will have 2 values : 2 and 7 Let A be another number such that //a//= //A// // a^b // = // dval(a)^b // and // A^b // = // dval(A)^b //=// dval(a)^b // therefore, // a^b // =// A^b // Using this method: // square root of 7//= //square root of 16//= //4// or //-4// = 4 or 5 Following is the table for digital values of some powers: Table 2 // x^1 // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 // x^2// 1 4 9 7 7 9 4 1 9 // x^3// 1 8 9 1 8 9 1 8 9 // x^4// 1 7 9 4 4 9 7 1 9 // x^5// 1 5 9 7 2 9 4 8 9 // x^6// 1 1 9 1 1 9 1 1 9 // x^7// 1 2 9 4 5 9 7 8 9 // x^8// 1 4 9 7 7 9 4 1 9 // x^9// 1 8 9 1 8 9 1 8 9 There is repetition in the digital values of the numbers raised to increasing powers. For 1 : 1 For 2 : 4,8,7,5,1,2 For 3 : 9 For 4 : 7,1,4 For 5 : 7,8,4,2,1,5 For 6 : 9 For 7 : 4,1,7 For 8 : 1,8 For 9 : 9 Following this repetition digital value of any number raised to any natural power can be determined. For e.g. //14^11// = //5^11//=//5^5// [following the repetition] = 2 For //x^(1/b)// , x belongs to R, b belongs to Z , a digital root between 1 to 9 exists only if it is present in the Table 2 in the row of bth power of x. Otherwise the digital root is represented by //x^(1/b)// only. For e.g. ?3,?2 These values are called digitally imaginary numbers (DI). 2.4 Digital values of imaginary numbers We know that // a^b // =// A^b // when //a//= //A// Using the above relation, when b= (1/2), a= -1, A= 8; // i // =// ?(-1)//=//?8// //?(-5) //=//?4//= 2 or 7 [two values because we cannot have a rational value of ?(-5) ] OR //?(-5) =//?5 i//=//?5.?8 //=//?4//= 2 or 7 In this way we can find the digital value of a complex number. As in case of digital roots[2] the digital values also show the repetition in addition (Table 3), subtraction (Table 4), multiplication (Table 5)and division. Table 3: Addition Table + 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Table 4: Subtraction table 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 5 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 Table 5: Multiplication Table X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 2 4 6 8 1 3 5 7 9 3 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 4 4 8 3 7 2 6 1 5 9 5 5 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 6 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 7 7 5 3 1 8 6 4 2 9 8 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 Equality of digital values For two equal quantities are equal the following properties of digital roots are important: ?If two quantities are equal there digital values must be equal. This property may be used to Check calculations: See if digital values of both sides are equal or not. If they are not equal then the calculation is incorrect. To find a missing digit: Find the digital value of the known side. Then apply trial and error to put the unknown digit so that the digital values of both sides are equal. ? If a DI occurs in digital value of LHS of any equation it must occur in that of RHS too. 4. Digital value in functions and equations In functions and equations digital values have following properties: ?For any function (13) //f(x)// = // f (//x//) // ? In a system of equations with unique solution, the solution can be represented by an expression containing coefficients. So, if two systems of equations have equal digital values of corresponding coefficients of corresponding equations, then the corresponding roots have equal digital values. i.e. a_11 x+ b_11 y+ c_11=0 a_12 x+ b_12 y+ c_12=0 AND a_21 x+ b_21 y+ c_21=0 a_22 x+ b_22 y+ c_22=0 Will have same digital values of x as well as y if //a_11//=// a_21// //b_11//=// b_21// //c_11//=// c_21// ?If //a_1//=//b_1// //a_2//=//b_2// //a_3//=//b_3// †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. //a_n//=//b_n// (14) Then (x-a_1 )(x-a_2 )(x-a_3 )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..(x-a_n) and (x-b_1 )(x-b_2 )(x-b_3 )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..(x-b_n) are equi-digital. The converse is not always true. ?In case of quadratic equation the converse is true when the roots are distinct. 4. Conclusion The paper has introduced a concept of digital values which provides a way not for verifying calculations involving not only integers but any complex number. Now any complex calculation can be checked but one should be careful that if digital values of LHS and RHS are equal it does not necessarily mean that LHS = RHS. But if they are not equal then LHS cannot be equal to RHS. We have also studied the properties of digital values in functions and equations. We have also learnt how to use the property of digital value to find a missing digit in calculations. It may seem strange to learn a way of checking a calculation when so many accurate computers are available but we must have the knowledge of the interesting properties of numbers. References: [1] Weisstein, Eric W. Digital Root. From MathWorldA Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/DigitalRoot.html [2] Teknomo,K.,Digital Root http://people.revoledu.com/kardi/ ,Page2 [3] Teknomo,K.,Digital Root http://people.revoledu.com/kardi/ ,Page7-8 Research Papers on Digital Values - Math Research PaperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseResearch Process Part OneBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanDefinition of Export QuotasOpen Architechture a white paper

(research proposal)Exaime the diffculties african carribian lone Essay

(research proposal)Exaime the diffculties african carribian lone parent face in employement in the united kingdom - Essay Example will include, how many employed Afro-Caribbean lone parents in a selected sample have an economically sound job and what is the average distance they have to travel to reach their employment station, how many hours does an Afro-Caribbean lone parent work on an average and how many hours does he/she spend with his/her child/children, what kind of public transport facilities are available for a working Afro-Caribbean lone parent and what kind of support an Afro-Caribbean lone parent receives from his/her family members. One major study on the economic status of lone parents in UK was done by J. Millar and Karen Rowlingson (2001). Millar and Rowlingson (2001, pp.180) have found that the majority of lone-parent families in Britain are White but some ethnic minority groups are over-represented among lone-parent families (such as Afro-carrebian women). Another study (Giddens &Griffiths, 2006, pp.215) has also substantiated this as a fact by noting that â€Å"there are far fewer black women aged between twenty and forty four living with a husband than there are white women in the same age group.† Millar and Rowlingson (2001, pp.183) have observed, â€Å"the link between high rates of lone parenthood and lack of labour demand causes problems for lone parents for seeking paid work.†These researchers (Millar & Rowlingson, 2001, pp.183) have inferred that one reason for the high rate of lone parenthood in certain areas is owing to the deficiency of decent paid jobs for men in the locality, which detracts them from becoming â€Å"husband-father-breadwinners.† Hence they (Millar & Rowlingson, 2001, pp.183) have suggested that â€Å"improving employment opportunities in deprived areas for both men and women could therefore increase the labour market participation of lone parents, while at the same time reduce the number of lone parent families.† It was when New Labour came to power in UK that the policies on lone parents underwent a drastic change. Millar and Rowlingson (2001,

Marketing Communication College Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Communication College - Case Study Example As a member of the skin care and hygiene product market, Dermacare experiences rigid competition from other industry leaders including Proctor and Gamble, Johnson and Johnson, and Revlon. What has been our P/Cost ratio Are we enjoying market growth Why or why not L'OREAL, the world's largest cosmetics company, is jointly owned by Gasparal (France) (51 per cent) and Nestle (Switzerland) (49 per cent). It markets Ambre Solaire through its Laboratories Garnier division. L'OREAL has interests in most sectors of the global cosmetics and toiletries markets. In addition to its Garnier Division, L'OREAL operates through three divisions in the UK: Salon, Perfume and Beauty (e.g. Cacharel, Armani, and Helena Rubinstein) and Active Cosmetics (e.g. Vichy). Ambre Solaire had previously been associated with oil formulations (as opposed to creams and gels) for deep tanning and self-tanning products. L'OREAL is very active in research and development and is perceived by customers as inventive and at the forefront of technology. Boots is one of Britain's major high street retailers and has interests in both the retailing and manufacturing of sun care products. In 2008, Boots was by far the largest retailer of sun care and other toiletry products. Its Soltan brand accounted for about 40 per cent value share in its 1,100 outlets. Soltan benefited from Boots' skin care and pharmacy heritage, and was especially strong in the after-sun sector, with roughly a one-quarter share by value. The strength of Boots was highlighted in March 2006 when it introduced a star-rating system that indicated how much protection a product provided against UVA rays in proportion to the amount of UVB protection offered. While its introduction created some uncertainty in the industry, virtually all manufacturers accepted the new system. Avon Cosmetics Ltd A subsidiary of Avon Products, Inc., Avon Cosmetics is the oldest beauty company in the USA and one of the world's four largest cosmetics companies. It entered the UK market in 1957. Avon sells its cosmetics, toiletries and fragrances to individual consumers. The bulk of its business comes from its sales representatives ('Avon Ladies') selling to women in their homes and workplaces. Avon employs some 100,000 representatives in the UK alone. In the 1980s it increased its market share in line with the growth of home shopping; however, its sales in the early first decade of the new millennium have been sluggish owing to its inability to match retailers' product-ranges and prices. Nevertheless, Avon accounts for around 11 per cent of all sun care sales. Nivea A well-established global brand developed by the German manufacturer Beiersdorf in the early nineteenth century. The company had developed a number of line extensions across its range of skincare products that competed directly with Dermacare in a number of sub-categories. While its traditional market strength was in continental Europe the company's products enjoyed a high degree of loyalty and recognition in the UK market. Ciba Consumer Products Ciba Consumer Products is a subsidiary of the Swiss chemicals giant Ciba-Geigy. Ciba's core consumer business was in over-the-counter (OTC) health care. In the UK toiletry sector, its main product was Piz Buin, the number five sun care brand. Warner-Lambert Warner -Lambert's Hawaiian Tropic

What Should Medicine Do When It Cant Save Your Life Essay

What Should Medicine Do When It Cant Save Your Life - Essay Example Atul Gawande sees hospice as a morphine drip. It serves as a way to minimize the terminally ill patient’s anxiety on death and provides the family with opportunities to accept and seize every important moment that can make it easier for the patient and family to accept the natural course of faith resulting from the disease. I do believe that hospice care has relatively high importance with the families of patients suffering from terminal illnesses, not only that it addresses the sufferings that are bound to be experienced by the patient but also some observations indicate that hospice care prolongs the survivability. Creed refers to patients that are in a situation in their life wherein they have already understood that they have a have a fatal illness however they do not fully consider it as a condition which will end up in their demise. There are various approaches, some of which may not be applicable to other patients. This is primarily due the differences in the character of each individual. However, Dr Creed is able to effective apply this approach to patients. Instead of explicitly conveying a notion of being sorry for the condition of the patient, Creed says to her patients that she there to make their life better and that they have a lot of time to waste, given such condition. Dr Block focuses more on helping the patients identify what is most important to them and provide them with information and advice on the best approach that could help them address the salient activities that would the most impact on those important matters that the patient pointed out.  

Animal Farm | Chapter by Chapter Summary

Animal Farm | Chapter by Chapter Summary Animal Farm Chapter by Chapter Summary Chapter One: Mr. Jones lives on the Manor Farm, he is an alcoholic. The animals of the farm go to the barn to hear what old Major, the well respected prized Middle White Boar, has to say about a recent dream. Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher are the three farm dogs. Boxer, and Clover are the two cart-horses. Muriel is the white goat, and Benjamin is the donkey. old Major tells the animals that humans are enemies of animals, because humans force animals to do all the jobs they cannot do. He also says they must work to overthrow the human race. old Major teaches them a song, but while they sing it they wake up Mr. Jones, so they must go to sleep. Chapter Two: Three nights after the meeting, old Major dies in his sleep. The animals started to think about preparing for the future rebellion. They came up with a system of rebelling ideas which they called animalism. One night, Mr. Jones became so drunk at a bar he didn’t return to his farm till the next day. The animals were unfed, and became so hungry they broke into the store-shed and started to eat the food in the bins. When Mr. Jones returns and sees what the animals have done, he and four other men began beating the animals. The animals then began beating on the humans, who eventually run away for their life. The animals were thrilled not to be anybody’s slave anymore, they create â€Å"The Seven Commandments†. Chapter Three: The animals all worked hard in the field collectively, and were rewarded with a great harvest season. Boxer was the hardest worker of all the animals, his personal motto was, â€Å"I will work harder†. Some animals had trouble learning and memorizing â€Å"The Seven Commandments† so Snowball decided to simplify the Commandments to, â€Å"Four legs good, two legs bad.† Chapter Four: Snowball and Napoleon send pigeons to neighboring farms telling them of their rebellion and urging them to do the same. Mr. Jones sits at the Red Lion Pub, and drinks his problems away. In October, Mr. Jones and other farmers come to back to Manor Farm, to try to recapture it. The animals knew that Mr. Jones would come back, and were prepared for it. Snowball was in charge of defensive operations. The animals once again defeated Mr. Jones and his friends, Boxer accidentally kills a boy. Chapter Five: Clover confronts Mollie about her lacking work ethic, soon after that Mollie disappeared. Snowball and Napoleon had become bitter rivals with one another. Snowball wanted to build a windmill on the farm, but Napoleon wanted no part of it. Nine dogs chase Snowball off the farm. Napoleon announces that the windmill will be built, he claims the reason he wasn’t in favor of it was because it was his idea, but stolen by Snowball. Chapter Six: The animals work very hard, for the entirety of the year. The animals had enough food to last them through out the summer, but would have to work hard to have a surplus in the winter. Every Monday Mr. Whymper comes around to the farm and gets orders for food, or supplies. Mr. Jones as far away from the farm as he could, to the other side of the country. One morning in November, they awoke to find the almost finished windmill in ruins. Even though there had been a violent windstorm the night before, Napoleon blames in it on Snowball. Napoleon also says that they will begin the rebuilding immediately and will build every day until it is finished. Chapter Seven: In January food was very low on the farm. Napoleon made a deal with Mr. Whymper that he would give him four-hundred eggs in return for grain and food until summer came. The animals believe that Snowball snuck into the farm at night, and caused mischief on the farm. One night at a meeting the dogs attack the four pigs, and rip their throats out. They killed everybody who was affiliated with Snowball’s rebellion from Napolean including: the hens, three sheep, and others. Chapter Eight: The animals worked so hard, they sometimes thought that it would be better if Mr. Jones was still on the farm. Napoleon never came out of the house, or when he did it was a very rare occasion. If anything good happened to any of the animals they would thank Napoleon for their good fortune. During the summer, three hens confessed to plotting to kill Napoleon, as ordered by Snowball. They were immediately killed. They finish the windmill in autumn. Fredrick and two dozen more men attack Animal Farm, and destroy the windmill. This enrages the animals, and they push the men off the farm. The animals get drunk from whisky. Chapter Nine: During the winter they reduce the animal’s amount of food again, except for the dogs, and pigs. In April, the animals decided that they will declare Animal Farm a Republic. Napoleon is unanimously voted President. Boxer falls down, and tells that his lung is bothering him. A van came and they thought it was going to take Boxer to the hospital, but the side of the van read, â€Å"Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler, Willingdon.† Squealer said that Boxer died at the Wellington Hospital, the Hospital bought the van from the slaughterer, and hadn’t remarked the side. The animals are very sad about this, and buy more whisky. Chapter Ten: Many years went by on the farm, the only animals from the Rebellion still alive are Clover, Benjamin, Moses, and a lot of pigs. The farm was doing tremendous financially and with food. Pilkington and Napoleon become friends. Napoleon announces that Animal Farm will be called the Manor Farm again.

Marketing Research Krispy Kreme

GROUP MEMBER [pic] †¢ Usarat Rungruangrattanawadee1531007027 †¢ Chavivuth Soonthornsima 1511001933 †¢ Tirapitch Pichitnorakarn 1511007096 †¢ Arnuphap Chaiyaraj 1531007209 †¢ Pavinee Pinijkijsopon1531007530 Exclusive Summary As you know Thailand has many brand of donut and last year have new brand come to Thailand it is Krispy Kreme Doughnut. First time that they promote everyone interesting and exciting about that. Now it not interesting like beginning period. So, our group would like to study about customer preference and want to know about customer satisfaction with price, place, taste and location of Krispy Kreme Doughnut.We try to know all customer think with Krispy Kreme Doughnut and also our competitor. We use many methods to do the research. For this research we get some limitation from whether, time, confusing with questionnaire, and etc. As we research we get good information back for analyze the data and code data for do graph. Introduction Backgrou nd 1937s A Humble Beginning †¢ Krispy Kreme Began More Than 70 Years Ago In Winston-Salem, NC †¢ Our Founder, Vemon Rudolph, Bought a Yeast-Raised Doughnut Recipe From a Chef in New Orleans. †¢ Today, All Krispy Kreme Stores Use the Same Proprietary Recipe That Was Used 70 Years Ago! 940s & 1950s A History of Innovation 40s&50s †¢ Improving the doughnut Making process through Innovation from the Beginning †¢ Krispy Kreme Was the First to Automate the Doughnut Making Process Soon After We Opened. †¢ These Innovation Remain the Foundation of Our Doughnut-Making Process Today 1960s & 1970s The Store Experience 60s & 70s (Our Stores are Fun Gathering place for Friends) †¢ The Store Expereince is the Brand for Our Customers. †¢ For Year, Krispy Kreme Stores Have Been Fun Places for Friends and Families to Gather Our â€Å"Doughnut Theatre† and You Team’s Great Customer Service are Critical Components. 1980s & 1990s Hot Original Glazed 80s & 90s (The famous hot doughnut experience) †¢ Krispy Kreme Signature Product Original is Our Original Glazed †¢ Our World Famous â€Å"Hot Now† Sign Signals To consumers that making Fresh Product †¢ Customer Young and Old Love Watching the Doughnuts Being Made Today Growing the Brand Worldwide (Sharing the Krispy Kreme experience) †¢ Today, Krispy Kreme has Stores in the United States, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East and Asia. †¢ We have More Than 500 Stores in 18 Countries More than 60% of Krispy Kreme’s Stores are Now Outside the US †¢ This Year, Krispy Kreme Hopes to Open Our First Stores in Dominican Republic, Thailand and Taiwan! Krispy Kreme in Thailand †¢ Krispy Kreme open in Thailand at Siam Paragon since 28 Sep, 2010 Situation Analysis First Krispy Kreme launchs in Bangkok at Siam Paragon. It has a Krispy Kreme trend because they have promotion for 100 prople get free Krispy Kreme but the first person of 100 peopl e will get Krispy Kreme free all year. People very interest and excited about Krispy Kreme. Before it lunch in Bangkok, it reputation in aboard.For first 4-5 months, it has very long queues out of Siam Paragon. Someone who waiting in queues for re-sell all opposite side at Siam Paragon, they will up price about 10-20 baht per piece or someone get 50-100 baht per box for waiting in queues instead of the person who want it. Now Krispy Kreme is quiet, no body waiting for buy Krispy Kreme, you can walk to the shop and buy it without waiting in long queues. Now it has variety for favors, first it launches only original favor. Research Objective †¢ To study Krispy Kreme Customer Preference. †¢ To know customer satisfaction with price. To know customer satisfaction with place such as atmosphere, decoration and convenience. †¢ To know customer satisfaction with taste such as soft and sweet. †¢ To know customer satisfaction with reputation. †¢ To know some improvemen t that we think customer will accept or it will effect with customer or not. †¢ The last objective that we want to know is about competitor. Define problem and opportunity identification Problem is Thai people interest with Krispy Kreme lower than the beginning period, so male Krispy Kreme no more long queues although Krispy Kreme launch more favors, but not attraction customer like beginning period.Now Krispy Kreme has not yet opens a new branch although I think Krispy Kreme must to open new branch. Limitation of the study Our main target is student, so we divide into two groups for research. The first group is BU Student at City Campus and Second group is Student around Siam Paragon and BTS (Siam station). First limitation that we met we can’t do the research inside Siam Paragon, so we must to go outside it and stand at BTS. We go to research about 5 pm; this time is the times for student go for tutor.We have some problem about student don’t have more time for d o our questionnaire. And we stay at BTS, we will met student who also hurry to back home. Until we meet one group in front of Siam Paragon, we go for research them but security guard is not allowing to research front of Siam Paragon. Second limitation that we met is some people they don’t understand some question and some people who say no with the question that we ask about last one month you ever consume Krispy Kreme or not, so it make that questionnaire fail. I must to do more questionnaires because we need 30 questionnaires.The last limitation that we met is weather, first of all we will stay at Siam Square, the place that reseller sell Krispy Kreme Donught but that they is raining day, so it make our can’t stay there. It hard to do questionnaire in raining day. Finally we decide to divide in to two groups first stay around BTS. We stand different door. Finally, The problem that we meet is from confusing with question, place and weather that we survey is not conven ience for do the research but finally we get questionnaire enough to do the research although it has correct one and wrong one.Method Definition of the population Is the amount of people or has the same characteristic in the similar way or the same way which include all sex and every age. Person are likely the same things and from one to others, they all in a group and as a group we called â€Å"population†. For example our group project we doing a research about donut which is the most popular and famous in Thailand now called â€Å"Crispy Cream† located in paragon shopping mall.As we research we want to know the amount of population which has the same things in the same ways such as like to eat donut or like to do the same activities, we don’t target only people who are under 30 but we do target all sex, age and people who are in Bangkok too. Therefore population are large group of people not even in the country can be all over the world who like to do or eat in the same or similar things. And if we want to target something we can target in a whole group of people which means population of something we want to target such as we want to know population of people who loves to eat donut especially â€Å"Crispy Cream†.Every research must have their population of their project which can tell u to analyze that people who you are targeting is like or dislike your product or services. These can tell u little more about people or customers are interest in your product or not. For example if high population it might means they like your product or service but if low population so which means that they might not be interest or not in the trends of nowadays. Sample plan and sample size Our sample plan is that we have conducted the sample of 30 respondents between the age of 16-25 both high school and university students who are consuming KrispyKreame donuts.To understand how these age group of people buying decision on the KrispyKreame produc ts on their preference on taste, price, reputation, quality of the products. The population of ours target is the people in Bangkok who consuming the donuts whether consume themselves or buy for other people as a gift. However, the total surveys that we have conducted was 50 questionnaires but only 30 of them which can be useful for conclude the final sample which gives us 60% of the total sample size that we have been given out for the surveys.Ours sample method was we have used an exploratory method but in questionnaire type and we let them to fill out the form by themselves and as we have a cluster sampling type of method which mean we have selected the group of ours sample size for this particular surveys. Furthermore, the sampling method for ours survey was probability sample type as we have select the sample which in equal chance to be select to fill out the questionnaire. We have resampling the sample to conclude the result by looking at the sample that we have gathered to ju dge the total population of people who like to consume donuts in Bangkok area.Development of the questionnaire We started developed our questionnaire to answer the objectives. The questionnaire was created by all members in group. First time we draft developed it in class room to know just like which direction we will ask. We also make sure by consult with the instructor about the content in questionnaire. After that we had meeting again to do questionnaire in details. Each member helps together to developed questionnaire and tries to show the ideas and the benefit of that question to fit with the objective.We had use of computer and networks to help in developed the questionnaire by type and design the questionnaire. We also sent the questionnaire through the E-mail to each member in our group to help together to recheck the questionnaire in term of the word understanding and design again before launch it to the public in testing the questionnaire within BU city campus. After that we fix the questionnaire again before use it in real surveys. We chose Closed- ended type to be our question response format. We use both Dichotomous which provide two response options and Multiple response which provide more than two response options.We design to use closed –ended question because it provide options on the questionnaire which help respondent to answer quickly and easily. The more benefit is this type of question is also easier to analyze the data which proper for short period of time that we have. Moreover we also use Scaled- response format to measure the attributes of the Krispy Kreme doughnuts. We design in Unlabled scale which is purely numerical that allow respondent to express feeling and it also easily to code the data. There are more details in each questions following; †¢ The first part of questionnaire is Screening questions.It helps us to identify which questionnaire can be the sample or the representative of the research. The screening quest ions start from question number one to three. ? The question one is â€Å"Have you been purchased Krispy Kreme doughnuts during the last one month? † This question will be separate respondent who is the representative apart from who is not by the answer. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question two is â€Å"How often do you consume Krispy Kreme doughnuts a month? † The purpose is to know the frequency of consuming Krispy Kreme doughnuts.The Scale of measurement is Interval scales because distance between each descriptor is equal. ? The question three is â€Å"Where did you buy Krispy Kreme doughnuts? † The purpose is to know is the respondent buy doughnuts from the Krispy Kreme directly or buy from the reseller. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. †¢ The second part of questionnaire is General question. It will be the question about the purpos e of buying Krispy Kreme Doughnuts and why. The general questions start from question number four to eight. The question four is â€Å"How did you know Krispy Kreme doughnuts? † The purpose is to know which way they know Krispy Kreame doughnuts. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question five is â€Å"Purpose of buying Krispy Kreme doughnuts? † The purpose is to know the objective of buying Krispy Kreme doughnuts. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question six is â€Å"if you see long queue, do you want to wait in queue or not? † The purpose is to know the tendency of who will wait in queue if there is line.The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question seven is â€Å"Why you want to waiting queue? † The purpose is to know the reason why they still want to wait in queue. The Scal e of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question eight is â€Å"Why did you buy Krispy Kreme doughnuts? † The purpose is to know reason why they buy. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. †¢ The third part of questionnaire is Preference. This will give depth data in term of Krispy Kreme attributes. There will be sub-questions for question nine which give data in scale about price, taste (soft and sweet), quality, reputation and location (atmosphere, decoration and convenience). The purpose is to know customer preference in each attributes. The Scale of measurement is Interval scales because distance between each descriptor is equal. †¢ The fourth part of question is Compettition. This will help to generate data about the rivals of Krispy Kreme doughnuts. The questions start from question number ten to thirteen. ? The question number ten is â€Å"Do you purchase others donuts brand while purchase Krispy Kreme doughnuts? The purpose is to know that do the representative still buy other doughnuts brand while buy Krispy Kreme doughnuts. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question eleven is â€Å"Which doughnuts brand that you purchase apart from Krispy Kreme doughnuts? † The purpose is to know who the Krispy Kreme doughnuts rivals are. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question twelve is â€Å"From question no 11: why do you purchase those doughnut brands? † The purpose is to know reason why the representatives still buy those brands.This may help to identify which attribute is Krispy Kreme do not well. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question thirteen is â€Å"Please rank which donut brands do you prefer the most? † The purpose is to know which bra nd do the representative prefer (order in rank). The Scale of measurement is Ordinal scales because provide rank-order to respondent. †¢ The fifth part of question is Improvement. These will help to know what could be improving for Krispy Kreme. The questions start from number fourteen to fifteen. ? The question fourteen is â€Å".If Krispy Kreme Doughnuts has a membership card, would it make you buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts more than before or not? The purpose is to understand the potential of customer preference in membership card that may affect frequency of buying. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question fifteen is â€Å"If Krispy Kreme Doughnuts launch new branch, where would you like it be located? † The purpose is to know where representative want Krispy Kreme to open new branch. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. The sixth part of question is Perso nal data. This part will be detail about the representative which shows gender, ages, occupation and income per month. The purpose is to know details about the representative. The questions start from number sixteen to nineteen. ? The question sixteen is â€Å"Gender†. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question seventeen is â€Å"age† The Scale of measurement is Interval scales because distance between each descriptor is equal. ? The question eighteen is â€Å"Occupation† The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. The question nineteen is â€Å"Income per month† The Scale of measurement is Interval scales because distance between each descriptor is equal. Questionnaire No. ___________ Interviewer’s name ___________ Bangkok University International College Questionnaire for Marketing Research Hello, I am student at Bangkok University Internatio nal College. I would like to conduct survey about Krispy Kreme Doughnuts. I would like to ask you few questions about your experience with Krispy Kreme Doughnuts. It will take only few minute and this questionnaire is part of term project of Marketing Research and it will be confidentially.Thank you for your spending time to response to the questionnaire. / / / Please answer the following question by mark (in ( given below: ( ( Screening Questions ( ) 1. Have you been purchased Krispy Kreme Doughnuts during the last one month? (1 ) Yes ( ) No ( ) 2. How often do you consume Krispy Kreme Doughnuts a month? ( ) Once (1 )2-4 times (2-4 ) 5-7 times (5-7 )More than 7 ( 7 ) 3. Where did you buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? ( ) Krispy Kreme Doughnuts shop at Siam Paragon ( ) By reseller ( ) General Questions ( ) 4. How did you know Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? ( Friend( )Experience ( ) Media and Advertising ( )Other Please specify (_____) 5. Purpose of buying Krispy Kr eme Doughnuts ( ) Consume ( )Resell ( ) Gift ( )Other Please specify (_____) 6. If you see long queue, do you want to wait in queue or not? ( ) Yes ( ) No (Skip question no. 7) ( 7) 7. Why you want to waiting queue? ( ) Trend( )Fashion ( )Want to try/eat ( / )Other Please specify (_____) 8. Why did you buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? ( ) Price ( ) Reputation ( ) Taste ( )Location ( ) Quality ( )Other Please specify (____) Preference ( ) 9. How did you rate Krispy Kreme Doughnuts in term oftheir price, taste, quality, reputation and location? ( , , , ) | |Low( | | | | |High( ) | | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 | |9. 1 Price ( ) |   |   |   |   |   |   | |9. 2 Taste ( ) |   |   |   |   |   |   | | 9. 2. 1 Soft ( |   |   |   |   |   |   | | 9. 2. 2 Sweet ( ) |   |   |   |   |   |   | |9. 3 Quality ( ) |   |   |   |   |   |   | |9. 4 Reputation ( ) |   |   |   |   |   |   | |9. Location ( ) |   |   |   |   |   |   | | 9. 5. 1 Atmosphere |   | |   |   |   |   | |( ) | | | | | | | | 9. 5. 2 Decoration |   |   |   |   |   |   | |( | | | | | | | | 9. 5. 3 Convenience |   |   |   |   |   |   | |( ) | | | | | | | Competition ( ) 10. Do you purchase others donut brand while purchase Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? ( Yes ( ) No ( ) 11. Which donut brand that you purchase apart from Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? (Answer more than one) ( 1 ) Bapple Donut Daddy Dough Dunkin’DonutsMister Donut Other (Please specify___________) 12. Form question no. 11; why do you purchase those Donut brand? ( 11 ) Price ( )Taste ( ) Quality ( )Location ( ) Other (Please specify___________) 13.Please rank which Donut brands do you prefer the most ( ) (1-5 1 5 ; 1= most , 5 = lease ) ____________ Bapple Donut ( ) ____________ Daddy Dough ( ) ____________ Dunkin’Donuts ( ) ____________ Krispy Kreme Doughnuts ( ) ____________ Mister Donut ( ) Improvement ( ) 14. If Krispy Kreme Doughnuts has a membership card, would it make you buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts more than before or not? ( Yes ( ) No ( ) 15. If Krispy Kreme Doughnuts launch new branch, where would you like it be located? ( ) Central Plaza ( )The Emporium ( ) The mall ( )Robinson ( ) Super market (Tesco Lotus, Big C, Careful, and etc) ( , , ) Other (Please specify___________) Personal Data ( ) 16. Gender ( ) Male ( )Female ( ) 17. Age ( ) Less than 20 ( 20)21-25 30. 1-35 More than 35( 35) 18. Occupation ( ) Student ( / )Office Worker ( ) Business Owner ( )Other Please specify___________ ( ) 19. Income per month ( ) Less than 10,000 ( 10,000)10,001-15,000 15,001-20,000More than 20,0000 ( 20,000) ___________________________ Thank You ________________________ / Data collection method We design to use Exploratory research method to gain background information about the research topic. Exploratory also can help in define term and clarify problem.We use Secondary information to know and understand history or background of the company. It will provide how, when it establish and by whom. Normally, Exploratory research will be unstructured but for Krispy Kreme research we will use quantitative research to help in collection the data. The survey will use questionnaire which is structured question for respondent. The reason is that it can use with a large number of respondents and also easily for code and analysis. In collection mode, we use Self-administered which respondent have to completes the survey by his or her own.It is the most popular way in collection mode; some time people called it paper and pencil survey. The reason for using Self- administered is cost reduction and respondent can control the answer so, it will be affect to time saving. The location that we went to do survey is Siam Square and BU city campus. The reason is that our sample will be students who are in high school and university student. As the lifestyle of this group of people is li ke to hang out at Siam square so, Siam square is the place that majority of that student group like to go.If we went to Siam square we will get data from many type of student in that group. We divide members group to do survey in three small groups. To be faster to collection the data and avoid shy to do questionnaire with big group of researcher. In depth detail of the location, we did survey at BTS Siam, BU city campus. By the BTS Siam, we divide into two group because there is big area that can do survey. Nonsampling error reduction There are many types of errors that might occur during the questionnaire survey some might be avoidable but some might not due to the respondent’s behavior of the survey.However, the error also occurs with the field workers who hand the survey to the entire respondent to fill, they might not be effective to give the respondent an explanation of the question since they did not understand and explain the question to the respondent well. Furthermo re, interviewer might perform their job by unsatisfied reaction to the respondent if they ask too many questions on the survey and might show it to the respondent by tone, body language or characteristic of the interviewer.Some might not give the respondent full explanation of the objective of the survey. This will lead to respondent error, since they did not understand how to answer so they did not answer it correctly or answer it guessing since they unsure on the question or whether they intent to committed an error on purpose since they did not attend to focus on the survey as they might be in the hurry or on the way to work or see friends or get tired from work so they did not willing to answer it properly.Some might get a distraction on the location of the surveys by interruption or crowed places to be able to fill the questionnaire. However, we can reduce such error by supervision on the field workers or training them on the understanding of the survey before let them out on t he field. And for the respondent, we might check the answer before letting them go or go thought the question with them on by one so they can give the best possible answer.Not only an on field surveys that encounter a problem but other kinds of survey such as an online, mail, calling surveys also have the same problems. For an online survey, the respondent might have done more than one survey or might not answer the certain question that they did not want the interviewer to know such salary or occupation etc. Moreover, some even avoid to do it since they can just close the page on the web to avoid answer it. For mailing surveys might have a high set up cost to send to each household and might not get the mail back as they might consider a junk mail.Telephone survey, the interviewer have to follow up the respondent as some people might not be home or lazy to answer it on the phone since the might be in the middle of something such as cooking their meal, watching their favorite progra m. So to avoid such an error the interviewer might have to screening the questionnaire first before it complete, inspect the grammar error that might have confuse the reader and also the answer might have to be clear ,for example, scale question from 1 to 5 the respondent might answer only 5 or in the middle like 3.So these kind of screening might have been consider and need to be eliminate before conducting the questionnaire. Or providing a sample questionnaire to see whether the problems are might have occurred during the pretest. In addition, close supervise data collection and provide training to give the interviewer the best effort are also needed to minimize the error. Data analysis 1. For the question, â€Å"Have you been purchased Krispy Kreme Doughnuts during the last one month? † We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently.The graph is response rate result from the survey is show that the 60% or 30 people of 50 answer Yes (Mode), whi le 40% or 20 people of 50 answer NO. (See graph at p. 31) 2. For the question, How often do you consume Krispy Kreme Doughnuts a month? We analyse by using Mean which result is 1. 2667(fx = 38 / N= 30) The graph result from the survey is show that the majority of the sample said they eat Krispy Kreme once a month which is 26 people out of 30 people as a percentage of 86. 67 percent. Next, the second high is 4 people out of 30 as a percentage of 13. 3 percent eat Krispy Kreme 2-4 times a month. Nobody said eat 5-7 times and more than 7 times a month. (See graph at p. 31) 3. This graph shows about where did you buy Krispy Kreme Dougnuts? We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. We research about 30 people. The majority of the respondent prefer to buy by Krispy Kreme Dougnuts shop (Mode) at Siam Paragon about 28 people out of 30 as a percentage of 93. 33 percent and people who choose buy by reseller are about 2 people out of 30 as a percentage of 6. 67 percent.Finally, the people who consume Krispy Kreme Dougnuts they like to buy by shop at Siam Paragon more than they buy by reseller. (See graph at p. 32 ) 4. For the question, How did you know Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. The graph result from the survey is show that majority of sample said they know Krispy Kreme from Media and Advertising (Mode) which count as 14 people out of 30 as a percentage of 46. 67 percent. The second high is people know Krispy Kreme from Friend which is 13 people out of 30 as a percentage of 43. 3 percent. The third high is people know Krispy Kreme from Experience which is 3 people out of 30. (See graph at p. 32) 5. For the question, Purpose of buying Krispy Kreme Doughnuts. We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. The graph result from the survey is show that the majority of sample said they buy Krispy Kreme for Consume (Mode) which is 26 peo ple out of 30 as a percentage of 86. 67percent. The second high is they buy Krispy Kreme to be Gift which is 4 people out of 30 as a percentage of 13. 33 percent.And nobody answer resell in the research. (See graph at p. 33) 6. For the question, If you see long queue, do you want to wait in queue or not? We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. The graph result from the survey is show that the majority of sample said No (Mode) in wait in queue which is 77% out of 100%. Another said Yes which is 23% out of 100%. (See graph at p. 33) 7. For this graph talk about Why you want to waiting queue? We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently.The graph result from the survey is show that 100% said they waiting queue bacause they want to try/eat Krispy Kreme doughnuts (Mode). (See graph at p. 34) 8. For the question, why did you buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most fr equently. The graph result from the survey is show that majority of sample choose Reputation to be reason why they buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts which is 15 people out of 30 or (50%). The second high that people choose is Taste which is 11 people out of 30 or (36. 67%).There are 3 people out of 30or ( 10%) choose other which they said trend and variety. There are 1 people out of 30 said location and another 1 people out of 30 30or ( 3. 33%) said quality. The choice that nobody answers in the research is price. (See graph at p. 34 ) 9. This graph shows about the rank that customer rate with Krispy Kreme Doughnuts in term of their price, taste, quality, reputation and location. We analyse by using Mean which result for price is 3. 47 (fx = 104 / N= 30), soft is 4. 67 (fx = 139 / N= 30), sweet is 4. 47 (fx = 134 / N= 30), quality is 4. 3 (fx = 133 / N= 30), reputation is 5. 07 (fx = 152 / N= 30), atmosphere is 4. 07 (fx = 122 / N= 30), decoration is 3. 83 (fx = 115 / N= 30), conveneinve i s 3. 37 (fx = 101 / N= 30). The first graph is shows Price, respondent prefer price in rank 3 with 19 people out of 30 as a percentage of 63. 33 percent. For the taste we divide into two categories are soft and sweet. For soft respondent choose Rank 4 with 10 people out of 30 as a percentage of 33. 33 percent and sweet respondent choose same Rank as 4,5 and 6 with 8 people out of 30, as a percentage of 26. 67 percent.For the quality respondent prefer rank 4 with 12 people out of 30 as a percentage of 40 percent. For reputation respondent prefer rank 5 with 13 people out of 30 as a percentage of 43. 33 percent. The last one is show location, we divided in to 3 categories. First one is atmosphere respondent prefer rank 4 with 12 people out of 30 as a percentage of 40 percent. Second is Decoration respondent prefer rank 3 with 12 people out of 30 as a percentage of 40 percent. Last one of location is convenience respondent prefer rank 3 with 10 people out of 30 as a percentage of 33. 3 percent. (See graph at p. 35) 10. For the question, Do you purchase others donut brand while consuming Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. The graph result from the survey is show that the majority of sample 26 proplr out of 30 or 87% said they purchase others donut brand while consuming Krispy Kreme Doughnuts†YES† (Mode). Another part is 4 people out of 30 or 13% said they they did not buy others donut brand while consuming Krispy Kreme Doughnuts â€Å"NO†. (See graph at p. 35 ) 11.This graph shows about which donut brand that you purchase apart from Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. It surprisingly, the most favorite donut brands that most of all the respondents on this survey preferred was Mister Donut (Mode) about 21 people out of 30 as a percentage of 70 percent, Dunkin’ donut and Daddy Dough are same as 12 people out o f 30 as a percentage of 40 percent, last one is Bapple Donut is 6 people out of 30 as a percentage of 20 percent. (See graph at p. 36) 12. Form question no. 1; why do you purchase those Donut brand? This pie chart has show us the most preferences of people who buying other donuts brand in term of their price, taste, quality, location and other factors. We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. From what you can see taste (Mode) was the major factors that were considered by many people who are buying the other donut brands. Followed by, location as it is easy to travel and with lots of transportations that can give them an easy access to get to the destination point.Furthermore, Siam Paragon is the place where most people are likely to go after work or meeting friends. Next, price was the third choice of buying and quality as a sequence. Since the price they would pay for the products must have the similar quality to the amount that they have pay t heir money for that why these 2 factors are follow each others. Other factors are considered to be last which is up to each individual person might have their own reason on their preferences. (See graph at p. 36) 13. This graph shows about Please rank which Donut brands do you prefer the most.We analyse by using Mean which result for Bapple Donut is 3. 7 (fx = 111 / N= 30), for Daddy Dough is 3. 2 (fx = 96 / N= 30), for Dunkin’Donuts is 2. 8 (fx = 84 / N= 30) for Krispy Kreme Doughnuts is 2. 7 (fx = 81 / N= 30), for Mister Donut is 2. 5 (fx = 76 / N= 30)This graph shows us the brands prefer the most by the 30 respondents. We have rank from 1 to 5 forms most favorite to least favorite according to the numbers. As you can see from the 1 rank, Mister Donut has the most preferred by respondents with 13/30 as the percentage of 43. 33 %.At rank 2 Dunkin’ Donuts has overcome KrispyKreme Doughnuts by one person which give Dunkin’ Donuts the second favorite brand among K rispyKreme Doughnuts by 10/30 as the percentage of 36. 03%. Between the rank of 3-4, KrispyKreme Doughnuts and Daddy Dough has the same amount among these two ranks which give them the same the number of respondents of 8/10 as the percentage of 26. 66%. The least favor donut brand at rank number 5 was Bapple with consist of 12/30 respondents are choose to be the least favorite brands of all. (See graph at p. 37 ) 14.This graph shows about If Krispy Kreme Doughnuts has a membership card, would it make you buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts more than before or not? We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. The respondent answer â€Å"Yes† (Mode) 17 people out of 30 as a percentage is 65. 67 percent and answer â€Å"No† 13 people out of 30 as a percentage is 43. 33 percent. So, if Krispy Kreme Doughnuts has a membership it can effective with some customer. (See graph at p. 37) 15. In ours survey we have asked that if KrispyKreame Doughnuts will launch a new branch, where they would like it to be located.We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. Out of 30 respondents, 19 people or 63. 33 percent have chosen Central Plaza (Mode) as their first choice, followed by Emporium with 6 people or 20 percent have chosen it. Supermarket, such as Tesco Lotus, Big C, and Careful has been chosen by 3 people or 10 percent and Robinson as the last choice which only 2 persons or 6. 67 percent have chooses it as the new location. (See graph at p. 38) 16. For this graph talk about gender of respondents. We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently.From the survey that we have interviewed, we have found out that 25 out of 30 people who have done the survey was â€Å"female† as the percentage of 83. 33% in total, whereas, male only 5 out of 30 give us a percentage of 16. 67%. Therefore, most of the women give us almost 90% out of the total number of all the respondents who given up their time to filled out the questionnaire for ours interview. (See graph at p. 38) Conclusion and Suggestion Surprisingly, from all 30 respondents that we have survey we have found out that the majority of Thai people prefer Mister Donut more than any other donut brands.Which give KrispyKreme Doughnut come behind Mister Donut and Dunkin’ Donut. So we can conclude form ours survey that Thai people are like to try new product as it first opening their products by giving to AF contender on TV show and many people may want to try it and wondering whether it is as good as it say or not. However, Mister Donut may be tastier to Thai people taste as it been in business for far longer than KrispyKreme Doughnuts so they know how Thai people taste would like it.In contrast, the reason Mister Donut was the first majority that Thai people are consider as their top donut brands might be that the price for these two brands are quite different to each others and many Thai peopl e are mostly at the middle class status so Mister Donut would be the most reasonable price for many Thai people follow by Dunkin† Donut as both brands have a similar in term of the price. Whereas, KrispyKreme Doughnuts mainly target the upper class status people who have more purchasing power to buy.Where others donut brands might not fit Thai people taste such as Daddy Dough and Bapple might be to sweet or at the same price they would consider of buying KrispyKreme Doughnuts instead. To sum up, according to ours survey we can refer that price was the main reason for Thai people when they consider to buy the product whether such product are food or cloth or electronic stuff. Our suggestion we think KrispyKreme Doughnuts should have a new branch at Central Plaza because, we got the result that if KrispyKreme Doughnuts have a new branch where would respondents like it be located, almost people choose Central Plaza.I think if KrispyKreme Doughnuts have a new branch at Central Pla za it easily for consumer to buy KrispyKreme Doughnuts. By survey respondents think location it not more convenience for them. This is some suggestion that we think for KrispyKreme Doughnuts to reach more consumers. Appendix Bangkok University International College Questionnaire for Marketing Research For the coding we will show how we change choice of answer to be number in coding process. We will show the number that we use instead of label in color number after each choice. The coding number will show in red colorPlease answer the following question by mark (in ( given below: ( ( Screening Questions ( ) 1. Have you been purchased Krispy Kreme Doughnuts during the last one month? (1 ) Yes ( ) (1) No ( ) (2) 2. How often do you consume Krispy Kreme Doughnuts a month? ( ) Once (1 ) (1) 2-4 times (2-4 ) (2) 5-7 times (5-7 ) (3)More than 7 ( ) (4) 3. Where did you buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? ( ) Krispy Kreme Doughnuts shop at Siam Paragon ( ) (1) By reseller ( ) (2) Ge neral Questions ( ) 4. How did you know Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? ( ) Friend( )(1) Experience ( ) (2) Media and Advertising ( ) (3) Other Please specify (___) (4) 5. Purpose of buying Krispy Kreme Doughnuts ( Consume ( ) (1) Resell ( ) (2) Gift ( ) (3) Other Please specify (___) (4) 6. If you see long queue, do you want to wait in queue or not? ( ) Yes ( ) (1) No (Skip question no. 7) ( 7) (2) 7. Why you want to waiting queue? ( ) Trend( ) (1) Fashion ( ) (2) Want to try/eat( / )(3) Other Please specify (_) 4) 8. Why did you buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? ( ) Price ( ) (1) Reputation ( ) (2) Taste ( ) (3)Location ( ) (4) Quality ( ) (5)Other Please specify (___) (6) Preference ( ) 9. How did you rate Krispy Kreme Doughnuts in term oftheir price, taste, quality, reputation and location? ( , , , ) | |Low( | | | | |High( ) | | |1(1) |2(2) |3(3) |4(4) |5(5) |6(6) | |9. 1 Price ( ) |   |   |   |   |   |   | |9. 2 Taste ( ) |   |   |   |   |   |   | | 9. 2. 1 Soft ( |   |   |   |   |   |   | | 9. 2. 2 Sweet ( ) |   |   |   |   |   |   | |9. 3 Quality ( ) |   |   |   |   |   |   | |9. 4 Reputation ( ) |   |   |   |   |   |   | |9. 5 Location ( |   |   |   |   |   |   | | 9. 5. 1 Atmosphere |   |   |   |   |   |   | |( ) | | | | | | | | 9. 5. 2 Decoration |   |   |   |   |   |   | |( | | | | | | | | 9. 5. 3 Convenience |   |   |   |   |   |   | |( ) | | | | | | | Competition ( ) 10. Do you purchase others donut brand while purchase Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? ( ) Yes ( ) (1) No ( ) (2) 11. Which donut brand that you purchase apart from Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? (Answer more than one) ( 1 ) Bapple Donut (1) Daddy Dough(1) Dunkin’Donuts(1)Mister Donut(1) Other (Please specify___________) (1) * 1 it’s mean respondent choose that brand 12. Form question no. 11; why do you purchase those Donut brand? ( 1 ) Price ( ) (1) Ta ste ( ) (2) Quality ( ) (3)Location ( ) (4) Other (Please specify___________) (5) 13. Please rank which Donut brands do you prefer the most ( ) (1-5 1 5 ; 1= most , 5 = lease ) ____________ Bapple Donut ( ) ____________ Daddy Dough ( ) ____________ Dunkin’Donuts ( ) ____________ Krispy Kreme Doughnuts ( ) ____________ Mister Donut ( *It code by how many respondent prefer with 1(most) – 5(lease) in each rank Improvement ( ) 14. If Krispy Kreme Doughnuts has a membership card, would it make you buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts more than before or not? ( ) 15. If Krispy Kreme Doughnuts launch new branch, where would you like it be located? ( ) Central Plaza ( ) (1)The Emporium ( ) (2) The mall ( ) (3)Robinson ( ) (4) Super market Tesco Lotus, BigC, Careful, and etc) ( , , ) (5) Other (Please specify___________) (6) Personal Data ( ) 16. Gender ( ) Male ( ) (1)Female ( ) (2) 17. Age ( ) Less than 20 ( 20) (1)21-25 (2) 31. (3) 31-35(4) More than 35( 35) (5) 18 . Occupation ( ) Student ( / ) (1)Office Worker ( ) (2) Business Owner ( ) (3)Other Please specify_________ ( ) (4) 19. Income per month ( Less than 10,000 ( 10,000) (1)10,001-15,000(2) 15,001-20,000(3)More than 20,0000 ( 20,000) (4) ___________________________ Thank You _________________ / Coding [pic] [pic] [pic] Graphs 1. Response rate [pic] 2. [pic] 3. [pic] 4. [pic] 5. [pic] 6. [pic] 7. [pic] 8. [pic] 9. [pic] 10. [pic] 11. [pic] 12. [pic] 13. [pic] 14. [pic] 15. [pic] 16. [pic] References †¢ Gilbert A. Churchchill, Jr. , and Tom J. Brown (2007), Basic Marketing Research (6th ed. ), International Edition: Thomson South-Western. †¢ http://www. krispykreme. co. th/

My Hero In History Essay

â€Å"A hero is a man who does what he can.† (Romaine Rolland) The true definition of hero is a man of distinguished valour. Bravery, courage, boldness, daring, resolute, and aptitude in war are a hero’s characteristics. However, a hero is understood to be different to everyone. â€Å"The legacy of heroes is the memory of a great name and the inheritance of a great example.† (Benjamin Disraeli) Some of them are born, others are made. Many are still living while many others have long been gone. Important dates and events are usually marked red in the calendar to remind us of their birth or death anniversary. During the celebration of these events, program speakers take turns admiring to high heavens whatever good they had done for the county. â€Å"True heroism consists in being superior to the ills of life, in whatever shape they may challenge us to combat† (Napoleon) When one thinks of heroes, names such as Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Allama Iqbal, Muhammad Bin Qasim, and Alexander often come to mind. These people had done a lot of favours, courage, helps, and more of all things for the people who needed them. The definition of heroism changes with the context of time. Heroes of the past are not necessarily heroes of present time and vice versa. But there are some people who have made their mark on history. Among those legends Muhammad Ali Jinnah is my hero. â€Å"Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Muhammad Ali Jinnah did all three.† (Stanley Wolpert) Quad-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah is the founder of Pakistan. He was born in Karachi on 25 December 1876. His father was a merchant. He received early education at Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam in Karachi. After that, he passed the matriculation at the age of 16 from Bombay. He moved to England after marriage, at the age of 17. In 1896 he returned to India as barrister when his father’s business was ruined. He started practice in Karachi but soon shifted to Bombay. â€Å"The heroic soul does not sell its justice and its nobleness.† (Ralph Waldo Emerson) He became a member of Indian National Congress. Soon he left the Congress and joined Muslim League when he realized that Congress is not sincere to Muslims. He fought for the rights of Muslims. â€Å"A hero is someone who understands the responsibility that comes with his freedom.† (Bob Dylan) Quaid-e-Azam was a dynamic leader. He devoted himself fully to the affairs of the Muslim  League. He worked for the separate state for the Muslims. He continued his struggle to achieve this object. Pakistan came into being on 14th August 1947. â€Å"Self-trust is the essence of Heroism.† (Ralph Waldo Emerson) Quaid-e-Azam became the first Governor General of Pakistan. He worked day and night for his county. He fell ill and died on 11th September 1948. He was a Muslim and hero. â€Å"A hero is some who has given his or her life to something bigger than oneself.† (Joseph Campbell) Quaid-e-Azam will always live in the hearts of the Pakistanis as† The Father of the Nation.† â€Å"Heroism is the divine relation which, in all times, unties a great man to other men.† His words, â€Å"Unity, Faith and Discipline† will always inspire the people in their struggle for nation building. â€Å"A man of courage is also full of faith.† (Cicero)

How Bills Become Laws in the US Congress

How Bills Become Laws in the US Congress Article I, Section 1 of the United States Constitution grants all legislative- bill making- powers to the U.S. Congress, made up of a Senate and a House of Representatives. In addition to its legislative powers, the Senate has the power to â€Å"advise and consent† in matters of treaties negotiated with foreign nations and nominations to non-elected federal offices made by the President of the United States. Congress also has the legislative power to amend the Constitution, declare war, and to approve all matters concerning the federal government’s expenditures and operating budget. Finally, under the Necessary and Proper and Commerce Clauses of Section 8 of the Constitution, Congress exercises powers not explicitly enumerated elsewhere in the Constitution. Under these so-called â€Å"implied powers,† Congress is allowed, â€Å"To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by th is Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.† Through these constitutionally-granted powers, Congress considers thousands of bills each session. Yet, only a small percentage of them will ever reach the top of the presidents desk for final approval or ​veto. Along their way to the White House, bills traverse a maze of committees and subcommittees, debates, and amendments in both chambers of Congress. The following is a simple explanation of the process required for a bill to become a law. For a complete explanation, see... How Our Laws Are Made (Library of Congress) Revised and Updated by Charles W. Johnson, Parliamentarian, United States House of Representatives. Step 1: Introduction Only a member of Congress (House or Senate) can introduce the bill for consideration. The Representative or Senator who introduces the bill becomes its sponsor. Other legislators who support the bill or work on its preparation can ask to be listed as co-sponsors. Important bills usually have several co-sponsors. Four basic types of legislation, all commonly referred to as bills or measures are considered by Congress: Bills, Simple Resolutions, Joint Resolutions, and Concurrent Resolutions. A bill or resolution has officially been introduced when it has been assigned a number (H.R. # for House Bills or S. # for Senate Bills) and printed in the Congressional Record by the Government Printing Office. Step 2: Committee Consideration All bills and resolutions are referred to one or more House or Senate committees according to their specific rules. Step 3: Committee Action The committee considers the bill in detail. For example, the powerful House Ways and Means Committee and Senate Appropriations Committee will consider a bills potential impact on the Federal Budget. If the committee approves the bill, it moves on in the legislative process. Committees reject bills by simply not acting on them. Bills that fail to get committee action are said to have died in committee, as many do. Step 4: Subcommittee Review The committee sends some bills to a subcommittee for further study and public hearings. Just about anyone can present testimony at these hearings. Government officials, industry experts, the public, anyone with an interest in the bill can give testimony either in person or in writing. Notice of these hearings, as well as instructions for presenting testimony, is officially published in the Federal Register. Step 5: Mark Up If the subcommittee decides to report (recommend) a bill back to the full committee for approval, they may first make changes and amendments to it. This process is called Mark Up. If the subcommittee votes not to report a bill to the full committee, the bill dies right there. Step 6: Committee Action Reporting a Bill The full committee now reviews the deliberations and recommendations of the subcommittee. The committee may now conduct further review, hold more public hearings, or simply vote on the report from the subcommittee. If the bill is to go forward, the full committee prepares and votes on its final recommendations to the House or Senate. Once a bill has successfully passed this stage it is said to have been ordered reported or simply reported. Step 7: Publication of Committee Report Once a bill has been reported (See Step 6:) a report about the bill is written and published. The report will include the purpose of the bill, its impact on existing laws, budgetary considerations, and any new taxes or tax increases that will be required by the bill. The report also typically contains transcripts from public hearings on the bill, as well as the opinions of the committee for and against the proposed bill. Step 8: Floor Action Legislative Calendar The bill will now be placed on the legislative calendar of the House or Senate and scheduled (in chronological order) for floor action or debate before the full membership. The House has several legislative calendars. The Speaker of the House and House Majority Leader decide the order in which reported bills will be debated. The Senate, having only 100 members and considering fewer bills, has only one legislative calendar. Step 9: Debate Debate for and against the bill proceeds before the full House and Senate according to strict rules of consideration and debate. Step 10: Voting Once debate has ended and any amendments to the bill have been approved, the full membership will vote for or against the bill. Methods of voting allow for a voice vote or a roll-call vote. Step 11: Bill Referred to Other Chamber Bills approved by one chamber of Congress (House or Senate) are now sent to the other chamber where they will follow pretty much the same track of committee to debate to vote. The other chamber may approve, reject, ignore, or amend the bill. Step 12: Conference Committee If the second chamber to consider a bill changes it significantly, a conference committee made up of members of both chambers will be formed. The conference committee works to reconcile differences between the Senate and House versions of the bill. If the committee cannot agree, the bill simply dies. If the committee does agree on a compromise version of the bill, they prepare a report detailing the changes they have proposed. Both the House and Senate must approve the report of the conference committee or the bill will be sent back to them for further work. Step 13: Final Action - Enrollment Once both the House and Senate have approved the bill in identical form, it becomes Enrolled and sent to the President of the United States. The President may sign the bill into law. The President can also take no action on the bill for ten days while Congress is in session and the bill will automatically become law. If the President is opposed to the bill, he can veto it. If he takes no action on the bill for ten days after Congress has adjourned their second session, the bill dies. This action is called a pocket veto. Step 14: Overriding the Veto Congress can attempt to override a presidential veto of a bill and force it into law, but doing so requires a 2/3 vote by a quorum of members in both the House and Senate.  Under Article I, Section 7 of the U.S. Constitution, overriding a presidential veto requires both the House and Senate to approve the override measure by two-thirds,​ a  supermajority vote of the members present. Assuming that all 100 members of the Senate and all 435 members of the House are present for the vote, the override measure would need 67 votes in the Senate and 218 votes in the House.